Abstract:
:After cell lysis, the most often used second step in a protein purification procedure is some sort of a rapid, bulk precipitation step. This is commonly accomplished by altering the solvent conditions and taking advantage of the changes in solubility of your protein of interest relative to those of many of the other proteins and macromolecules in a cell extract. This chapter will focus on the two most widely used precipitation methods: (1) ammonium sulfate precipitation and (2) polyethyleneimine (PEI) precipitation. These two methods work through entirely different principles, but each can achieve significant enrichment of target protein if optimized and applied carefully.
journal_name
Methods Enzymoljournal_title
Methods in enzymologyauthors
Burgess RRdoi
10.1016/S0076-6879(09)63020-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
331-42eissn
0076-6879issn
1557-7988pii
S0076-6879(09)63020-2journal_volume
463pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Of all arginine catabolic enzymes, the arginases and nitric oxide (NO) synthases are the ones that are of greatest interest to many investigators. Mammalian arginases catalyze the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea and are composed of two distinct isozymes: arginase I, located within the cytosol, and arginas...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)00813-0
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although many players of the DNA damage response and DNA repair have been identified in several systems their biochemical role is still poorly understood. The use of the Xenopus laevis egg extract cell-free system allowed biochemical dissection of DNA replication and cell cycle events in a complex biological context. ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2017.03.018
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cell membrane isolation procedure we developed here can be scaled up from four to several hundred plates of cultured cells. Transmission electron microscopy, membrane marker enzyme analysis, binding study, EGF-dependent receptor autophosphorylation, and Western blots all demonstrate the biological activity of the ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)98026-3
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Membrane fission, which divides membrane surfaces into separate compartments, is essential to diverse cellular processes including membrane trafficking and cell division. Quantitative assays are needed to elucidate the physical mechanisms by which proteins drive membrane fission. Toward this goal, several experimental...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2018.08.014
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As new organisms are being sequenced on a daily basis, new DNA glycosylases that recognize DNA damage can be easily identified in an effort to understand both their phylogenetics and substrate specificities. As a practical matter, existing bacterial and human homologs need to be readily available as laboratory reagent...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)08002-5
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two-dimensional polyacrylomide gel electrophoresis remains a popular and powerful tool for identifying proteins that are differentially expressed across treatment conditions. Due to the overwhelming number of proteins and the tremendous variation shown in gel images, the differential analysis of 2D gel images is chall...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-381270-4.00021-4
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::PqqE is the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of the redox cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), catalyzing the formation of a carbon-carbon bond in the precursor peptide PqqA. PqqE is a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) (RS) enzyme, a family of enzymes that use the reductive cleavage of a [4Fe-4S] clust...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2018.04.002
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Carbohydrate microarrays are becoming a standard tool for glycobiologists to screen large numbers of sugars and elucidate the role of carbohydrates in biological systems. This article describes detailed methods to prepare and use microarrays containing synthetic oligosaccharides as well as a summary of the biological ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)15017-X
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of unstained, freeze-dried biological macromolecules in the dark-field mode provides an image based on the number of electrons elastically scattered by the constituent atoms of the macromolecule. The image of each isolated particle provides information about the project...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(08)36027-3
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage embryo. These self-renewing multipotent cells are able to differentiate to the three embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm, and are thus able to produce virtually all cell types. The ES cell capacity to gen...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(06)18015-5
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Specific recognition of mRNA 5' cap by eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E is a rate-limiting step in the translation initiation. Structural determination of the eIF4E-cap complexes, as well as complexes of eIF4E with other proteins regulating its activity, requires complementary experiments that allow for energetic an...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)30009-8
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is widely acknowledged that mitochondria are highly active structures that rapidly respond to cellular and environmental perturbations by changing their shape, number, and distribution. Mitochondrial remodeling is a key component of diverse biological processes, ranging from cell cycle progression to autophagy. In ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.080
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::By far the highest resolution of all separation techniques for intact proteins in a single analytical run continues to be by the combination of isoelectric focusing (IEF) and SDS-PAGE, originally introduced by O'Farrell [(1975). J. Biol. Chem.250, 4007-4021]. This analytical platform has seen a number of significant a...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(09)63030-5
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peptides are multidentate chiral ligands capable of coordinating different metal ions. Nowadays, they can be obtained with high yield and purity, thanks to the advances on peptide/protein chemistry as well as in equipment (peptide synthesizers). Based on the identity and length of their amino acid sequences, peptides ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.04.007
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately one-third of all newly translated polypeptides interact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an event that is essential to target these nascent proteins to distinct compartments within the cell or to the extracellular milieu. Thus, the ER houses molecular chaperones that augment the folding of this diver...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(10)70027-6
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Undiluted cytoplasmic extract prepared from unfertilized Xenopus laevis eggs by low-speed centrifugation (CSF extracts) is useful for reconstitution of egg microtubule dynamics and meiosis-II spindle organization, but it suffers limitations for biochemical analysis due to abundant particulates. Here, we describe prepa...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397924-7.00023-6
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hybrid proteins or chimeras are generated by recombination of protein fragments. In the course of evolution, this mechanism has led to major diversification of protein folds and their functionalities. Similarly, protein engineers have taken advantage of this attractive strategy to build new proteins. Methods that use ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394292-0.00018-7
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endocytosis and autophagy are key vesicular pathways involved in degradation and recycling of cellular material. Both degradative pathways finally fuse with lysosome but are indeed interconnected at several levels. In particular, the fusion between endosomes and autophagosomes can generate intermediate vesicles named ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397926-1.00006-8
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitochondria are considered one of the main sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The overgeneration of ROS can evoke an intracellular state of oxidative stress, leading to permanent cell damage. Thus, the intracellular accumulation of ROS may not only disrupt the functions of specific tissues and organs but also ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416618-9.00013-3
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Flavoenzymes comprise a large class of proteins that carry out a diverse range of important redox chemistry. Although X-ray crystal structures of many flavoenzymes have been determined, there are still unresolved questions regarding the actual oxidation state of the flavin cofactors in these structures due to photored...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2019.12.004
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methane production and consumption in anaerobic marine sediments is catalyzed by a series of reversible tetrahydromethanopterin (H(4)MPT)-linked C1 transfer reactions. Although many of these reactions are conserved between one-carbon compound utilizing microorganisms, two remain diagnostic for archaeal methane metabol...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385112-3.00004-4
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a heterodimeric basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that controls the mammalian cellular transcriptional response to low oxygen tension by up-regulating genes including glycolytic enzymes and angiogenic factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)....
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)35005-2
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Crystallographic studies on flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) have revealed that the common sequence core ( approximately 400 residues) that defines this protein family comprises two structural domains. The N-terminal domain (of approximately 250 residues) displays a metallo-beta-lactamase-like-fold, being indeed structural...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)37001-8
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Survival of macrophages, which serve as the first-line defense against invading pathogens by invoking the overproduction of highly toxic peroxynitrite (ONOO-), depends on their ability to maintain the intracellular GSH level and to induce the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The ONOO- is produced by macrophages ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)96035-7
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluorescence-based imaging regimes require exposure of living samples under study to high intensities of focused incident illumination. An often underestimated, overlooked, or simply ignored fact in the design of any experimental imaging protocol is that exposure of the specimen to these excitation light sources must ...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391856-7.00039-1
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm during infancy. Despite of aggressive treatment strategies, the 5-year survival rate for metastatic disease is still less than 60% and, consequently, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. For incre...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(09)65012-6
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Ras-regulatory network is a loosely defined composition of numerous Ras family members and effector pathways that couple to critical cell-regulatory processes. Investigators are increasingly turning to RNAi-mediated inhibition of gene expression as an effective tool to help generate authentic portraits of Ras prot...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(05)07022-9
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) constitute a diverse class of plant secondary metabolites that includes the opiate analgesics morphine and codeine. Collectively, BIAs exhibit a myriad of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antitussive, antispasmodic, and anticancer properties. Despite 2500 known B...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.011
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given the increasing evidence of oxidative stress in AD brain and studies from different perspectives that appear to show a converging, central role for A beta in the pathogenesis and etiology of AD, insight into A beta-associated free radical oxidative stress will likely lead to a greater understanding of AD and, pot...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(99)09050-3
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent advances have demonstrated the feasibility and robustness of chemical synthesis for the production of homogeneously glycosylated protein forms (glycoforms). By taking advantage of the unmatchable flexibility and precision provided by chemical synthesis, the quantitative effects of glycosylation were obtained us...
journal_title:Methods in enzymology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.030
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00