Abstract:
:Trap-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera Aculeata) colonizing crop and fallow fields in an agricultural landscape were studied using 20 sown fields (pea, barley, rye, clover-grass mixtures, Phacelia tanacetifolia) and 20 fields with naturally developed vegetation (1- and 2-year old fields, both mown and unmown, and old meadows). Fourteen species of Apoidea, 4 of Sphecidae, 1 of Eumenidae and 4 of parasitoids were reared from reed nests exposed in these 40 fields of 10 field-types. Fields with naturally developed vegetation had twice as many species as sown fields, due to the distribution pattern of the 14 bee species, whereas the 9 predatory species (wasps and parasitoids) showed a rather uniform distribution. None of the trap-nesting bees were found in Phacelia fields, despite contrasting expectations of beekeepers. Old meadows showed a particularly high abundance and species richness, since only 10% of all traps were exposed, but 32% of all bee nests were sampled in old meadows, including 4 bee species that were not found elsewhere. Accordingly, species richness of fields with naturally developed vegetation showed a significant increase with age. Variability in Hymenoptera species numbers could be explained by corresponding differences in plant species numbers. The alternative hypothesis that field size or field connectivity influenced species richness was not supported. Habitats with great floral diversity appeared to offer better and richer food resources for the flower-visiting bees, whereas food availability apparently did not influence predatory wasps. The bees Osmia caerulescens and Megachile versicolor that had colonized early-successional fields took twice as long to provision cells as those that colonized late-successional meadows characterized by a greater plant species richness. In contrast, the eumenid wasp Ancistrocerus gazella took a similar period of time to provision cells in both field types. In addition, bee and wasp species of plant-species-poor fields were on average significantly larger than those of plant-species-rich fields. Thus, body size appeared to be a good predictor of colonization ability. Management by cutting greatly increased plant species richness in early-successional set-aside fields and thus doubled species richness of bees. Cutting of early-successional habitats can be expected to benefit insects and plants in general, whereas older grassland should show the greatest insect diversity when both mown and unmown parts are present.
journal_name
Oecologiajournal_title
Oecologiaauthors
Gathmann A,Greiler HJ,Tscharntke Tdoi
10.1007/BF00326084subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-06-01 00:00:00pages
8-14issue
1eissn
0029-8549issn
1432-1939pii
10.1007/BF00326084journal_volume
98pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
OECOLOGIA文献大全abstract::To examine the importance of Na+ and Cl- to osmotic adjustment in a salt-tolerant ecotype of the C4 nonhalophyte Andropogon glomeratus, plants were watered with sorbitol, a neutral osmoticum, and synthetic seawater, for five days. Gas exchange measurements were made during the course of the watering treatment and duri...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00378043
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ecosystem-wide effects of introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and native river galaxias (Galaxiaseldoni McDowall) were studied by analysing ecosystem production budgets for two adjacent tributaries of a grassland stream-system in the South Island of New Zealand. One tributary was inhabited by brown trout, the oth...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420050505
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stratospheric ozone depletion has caused ground-level ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to rise in temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. Because the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutrition of food consumed by mammalian herbivores are unknown, we measured nutritional and chemical constituents of 18 forages ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-0978-1
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 10 million years, tropical savanna environments have selected for small growth forms within woody plant lineages. The result has been the evolution of subshrubs (geoxyles), presumably as an adaptation to frequent fire. To evaluate the traits associated with the shift from tree to subshrub growth forms, w...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3930-4
更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Habitat fragmentation poses an inherent problem for metacommunity dynamics, as dispersal among communities is hindered by increasing isolation and the loss of patches. Wetlands are one such system that have undergone excessive destruction and fragmentation in recent years. Zooplankton within these communities have his...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0704-4
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plant secondary compounds are recognized deterrents and toxins to a variety of herbivores. The effect of secondary compounds on water balance of herbivores is virtually unexplored, yet secondary compounds could potentially cause a decrease in an animal's ability to maintain water balance. We investigated the effects o...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-001-0834-z
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Predators attack and plants defend, so herbivores face the dilemma of how to eat enough without being eaten. But do differences in the personality of herbivores affect the foraging choices of individuals? We explored the ecological impact of personality in a generalist herbivore, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulp...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3110-8
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of fertilization on leaf longevity and leaf mortality in the Alaskan evergreen shrub, Ledum palustre (Ait.) Hult., were investigated in a field experiment. The fertilization treatments included N alone, P alone, N plus P, and N plus P plus K. After 5 years all treatments had the same effect on leaf longevi...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00379686
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to test the role of disturbance and the effects of disturbance frequency on stream communities, an experiment was conducted in New Hope Creek, North Carolina, USA. Patches of cobbles were tumbled 0, 1 or 2 times in a 6 week span. These tumbling disturbances lasted only 30 seconds. The recovery of the macroinv...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00378456
更新日期:1985-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to separate the effects of plant biomass and growth rate on vegetative reproduction in two species of cat-tail, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia. Replicate clones of both species were grown under conditions of 100%, 42%, 24%, and 9% full sunlight with harvests at 41, 70, and 91 days ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00348030
更新日期:1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have investigated interspecific interactions between larvae of the 3 native British anurans, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo and B. calamita in the field and in the laboratory. Over a 3 year period, predation of B. calamita spawn by the two competitively superior species accounted for only 0.3-3.0% of the total deposite...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00378984
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial and temporal niche differentiation are potential mechanisms of plant species' coexistence in many communities, including many grasslands. In a 6-year field experiment, a dominant prairie bunchgrass, Schizachyrium scoparium, excluded species sharing similar phenology and rooting depth, but coexisted with specie...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0010-y
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1989, 313 foraging flights of common terns in the Wadden Sea were radio-tracked. The feeding trips lasted on average 115 min covering about 30 km per flight. Completely tracked flights had a mean radius of 6.3 km. The terns preferred distinct foraging areas in the Wadden Sea. These were visited at site-specific pha...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00317883
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of defoliation of alder (Alnus glutinosa) on subsequent herbivory by alder leaf beetle (Agelastica alni) were studied in ten alder stands in northern Germany. At each site, one tree was manually defoliated (c. 20% of total foliage) to simulate herbivory. Subsequent damage by A. alni was assessed on ten ald...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420000482
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two key insights to better assess the ecological impact of global warming have been poorly investigated to date: global warming effects on the integrated life cycle and effects of heat waves. We tested the effect of a simulated mild (25 °C) and severe (30 °C) heat wave experienced during the larval stage on the flight...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3846-z
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::(i) The growth of ca. 100 individuals of a small deciduous tree Euphorbia pyrifolia, of different ages and edaphic regimes, and with different levels of infestation by the coccid Icerya seychellarum, has been studied on Aldabra Atoll over two years (1976-1978). Infestation on leaves ranged between 0 and 1.3 mg dry wei...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00540123
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structure and seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton communities in the littoral zone were compared between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes in the southeastern United States. Differences in diversity and species composition between lakes could be ascribed to long-term variation in nutrients corresponding to trophic s...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00380005
更新日期:1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 9-year study of the structure of assemblages of fish on 20 coral patch reefs, based on 20 non-manipulative censuses, revealed a total of 141 species from 34 families, although 40 species accounted for over 95% of sightings of fish. The average patch reef was 8.5 m2 in surface area, and supported 125 fish of 20 speci...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00326094
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of the heat interaction between a water column and sediments on the formation, development, and duration of existence of anaerobic zones in ice-covered lakes is estimated based on observational data from five frozen lakes located in northwestern Russia and North America. A simple one-dimensional model that ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0543-8
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Humans are rapidly altering thermal landscapes, so a central challenge to organismal ecologists is to better understand the thermal niches of ectotherms. However, there is much disagreement over how we should go about this. Some ecologists assume that a statistical model of abundance as a function of habitat temperatu...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3463-7
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diapause allows insects to temporally avoid conditions that are unfavorable for development and reproduction. However, diapause may incur a cost in the form of reduced metabolic energy reserves, reduced potential fecundity, and missed reproductive opportunities. This study investigated a hitherto ignored consequence o...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0428-x
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The partitioning of energy in three species of nematode, Paroigolaimella bernensis, Diplogasteritus nudicapitatus and Rhabditis curvicaudata, from a polysaprobic environment is considered. Temperature was shown to have a profound impact on the rate at which these organisms obtained food resources and on the partitioni...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00379232
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of our study was to identify interactions between the decomposition of aboveground litter and rhizosphere activity. The experimental approach combined the placement of labelled litter (delta13C=-37.9 per thousand ) with forest girdling in a 35-year-old Norway spruce stand, resulting in four different treatment...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-004-1540-4
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seedling recruitment is a critical driver of population dynamics and community assembly, yet we know little about functional traits that define different recruitment strategies. For the first time, we examined whether trait relatedness across germination and seedling stages allows the identification of general recruit...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3430-3
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the increasing sophistication of ecological models with respect to the size and spatial arrangement of habitat, there is relatively little empirical documentation of how species dynamics change as a function of habitat size and the fraction of habitat occupied. In an assemblage of tidepool fishes, I used maxim...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420050427
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many small organisms in various life stages can be transported in the digestive system of larger vertebrates, a process known as endozoochory. Potential dispersal distances of these "propagules" are generally calculated after monitoring retrieval in experiments with resting vector animals. We argue that vectors in nat...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2293-0
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ecologically isolated habitats (e.g., oceanic islands) favor the appearance of small assemblages of pollinators, generally characterized by highly contrasted life modes (e.g., birds, lizards), and opportunistic nectar-feeding behavior. Different life modes should promote a low functional equivalence among pollinators,...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2606-y
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::For some animals, the habitat which they first experience can influence the type of habitat which they select later in life and, thus, potentially their population distribution and dynamics. However, for many insect herbivores, whose natal habitat may consist of a single hostplant, the consequences of natal hostplant ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04639-3
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::General scaling rules or constants for metabolic and structural plant allometry as assumed by the theory of Euclidian geometric scaling (2/3-scaling) or metabolic scaling (3/4-scaling) may meet human's innate propensity for simplicity and generality of pattern and processes in nature. However, numerous empirical works...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2240-5
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::More than 500 species of the Poaceae are found in Kenya, East Africa. Eighteen of twenty-seven tribes are exclusively (except the Paniceae and Danthonieae) of the C3 photosynthetic type. A floristic analysis of low altitude grasslands suggests that nearly all species at these low altitudes are of the C4 photosynthetic...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00347910
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00