The use of very-low-dose methadone for palliative pain control and the prevention of opioid hyperalgesia.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Opioid dose escalation may cause hyperalgesia, mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) pathway. Methadone is an atypical opioid that inhibits hyperalgesia through NMDA-blockade, especially at low doses. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy of using very-low-dose methadone as the sole long-acting opioid agent in a hospice practice. DESIGN:A retrospective, observational study of the use of methadone, ≤15 mg daily, with as-needed short-acting opiates. Adjuvant nonopioid medications included haloperidol, which may have NMDA-blocking effects. SETTING/SUBJECTS:We reviewed the records of 240 patients admitted to a community-based hospice from July 1, 2011 to April 1, 2012, with data collected until hospice discharge or until April 30, 2012. MEASUREMENTS:Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient demographics, medication regimens, and reported pain scores measured on a numeric rating scale from 0 to 10. RESULTS:All patients received short-acting opiates, in a morphine-equivalent dose of 5 mg every 4 hours as needed, while 40% also received methadone at a median daily dose of 5 mg. Of those on methadone, almost half received scheduled haloperidol. The population had a median reported pain score of 0 and a peak score of 3, with similar results seen for cancer and noncancer groups. Two-thirds of patients never reported a pain score greater than 3. CONCLUSION:The use of very-low-dose methadone in conjunction with adjuvant haloperidol resulted in excellent pain control without dose escalation or opioid-induced hyperalgesia, for both cancer and noncancer diseases. We conclude that low-dose methadone should be part of first-line treatment in palliative pain management.

journal_name

J Palliat Med

authors

Salpeter SR,Buckley JS,Bruera E

doi

10.1089/jpm.2012.0612

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-06-01 00:00:00

pages

616-22

issue

6

eissn

1096-6218

issn

1557-7740

journal_volume

16

pub_type

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