Introduction to biostatistics: Part 2, Descriptive statistics.

Abstract:

:Descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency and variability. Measures of central tendency include mean, median, and mode. The mean is the arithmetic average of data from interval or ratio scales. The median reflects the 50th percentile score. The mode is the most frequently occurring value of a data distribution. Measures of variability include range, interquartile range, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean. The range describes the spread between the extreme values of data. Interquartile range is data included between the 25th and 75th percentile of a distribution. Standard deviation describes variability of data about the sample mean, while standard error of the mean helps describe the distribution of several sample means about a true population mean. Finally, confidence intervals, which are derived from the standard error of the mean, define an interval likely to include a true population value, based on sample statistical values and probability charceristics of data distributions.

journal_name

Ann Emerg Med

authors

Gaddis GM,Gaddis ML

doi

10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82052-9

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1990-03-01 00:00:00

pages

309-15

issue

3

eissn

0196-0644

issn

1097-6760

pii

S0196-0644(05)82052-9

journal_volume

19

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Risk of thromboembolism varies, depending on category of immobility in outpatients.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Immobility predisposes to venous thromboembolism, but this risk may vary, depending on the underlying cause of immobility. METHODS:This was a prospective, longitudinal outcome study of self-presenting emergency department (ED) patients who were from 12 hospitals and had suspected venous thromboembolism...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.10.033

    authors: Beam DM,Courtney DM,Kabrhel C,Moore CL,Richman PB,Kline JA

    更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00

  • Developing a clinical algorithm for early management of cervical spine injury in child trauma victims.

    abstract::To define a subset of injured children for whom emergency cervical spine radiography may be unnecessary, we performed a retrospective chart and radiologic review. Two entry methods were used: All injured children, from birth through 16 years, who had received cervical spine radiographs at The Children's Memorial Hospi...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(87)80171-3

    authors: Jaffe DM,Binns H,Radkowski MA,Barthel MJ,Engelhard HH 3rd

    更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00

  • Screening for ketonemia in patients with diabetes.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the urine ketone dip test as a screening test for ketonemia in hyperglycemic patients and to compare the performance of the urine ketone dip test with the anion gap and serum bicarbonate level. METHODS:This was a prospective study conducted in an urban, ...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70128-9

    authors: Schwab TM,Hendey GW,Soliz TC

    更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00

  • Clinical policy: critical issues in the management of patients presenting to the emergency department with acetaminophen overdose.

    abstract::This clinical policy focuses on critical issues concerning the management of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acetaminophen overdose. The subcommittee reviewed the medical literature relevant to the questions posed. The critical questions are: 1. What are the indications for N-acetylcysteine (...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,实务指引

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.014

    authors: Wolf SJ,Heard K,Sloan EP,Jagoda AS,American College of Emergency Physicians.

    更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00

  • Accuracy of blood pressure measurements made aboard helicopters.

    abstract::Hemodynamically unstable patients will benefit from therapy to control their blood pressure only if this pressure can be determined with accuracy. We compared the accuracy of arterial blood pressure measurements taken aboard helicopters by palpation with a Doppler device and with an oscillometric device. Twenty critic...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80401-3

    authors: Low RB,Martin D

    更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00

  • Direct mechanical ventricular assistance during ventricular fibrillation.

    abstract::A technique of direct mechanical ventricular assistance (DMVA) has been available since 1966. Ventricular assistance is provided by a glass cup lined with a Silastic diaphragm. It is held on the cardiac ventricles by suction. Alternating positive and negative pressure in the space between the cup and the diaphragm pro...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(83)80247-9

    authors: McCabe JB,Ventriglia WJ,Anstadt GL,Nolan DJ

    更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00

  • Clinitest tablet ingestion: an in vitro investigation concerned with initial emergency management.

    abstract::To help establish a rational approach to the initial management of Clinitest tablet ingestion, we investigated the effect of number of tablets, volume of diluent, and type of diluent on dissolution time (TD), temperature generation (delta T), and pH. Dissolution time was independent of the number of tablets and the vo...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(86)80008-7

    authors: Lacouture PG,Gaudreault P,Lovejoy FH Jr

    更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00

  • Use of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 1999 to 2004.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to characterize hospital and patient characteristics associated with administration of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke patients in the United States. METHODS:This retrospective, observational, cohort study used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, an administrative ...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.01.021

    authors: Schumacher HC,Bateman BT,Boden-Albala B,Berman MF,Mohr JP,Sacco RL,Pile-Spellman J

    更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00

  • How do physicians adopt and apply opioid prescription guidelines in the emergency department? A qualitative study.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:An increase in prescriptions for opioid pain medications has coincided with increasing opioid overdose deaths. Guidelines designed to optimize opioid prescriptions written in the emergency department have been implemented, with substantial controversy. Little is known about how physicians perceive and a...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.03.015

    authors: Kilaru AS,Gadsden SM,Perrone J,Paciotti B,Barg FK,Meisel ZF

    更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00

  • Sixteen years of croup in a Western Australian teaching hospital: effects of routine steroid treatment.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To describe the experience of croup at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children (PMH), the only tertiary pediatric hospital in Western Australia, from 1980 through 1995 with reference to the introduction of routine steroid treatment in the ICU in 1989, in the general hospital wards from 1989 through 1993...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(96)70084-7

    authors: Geelhoed GC

    更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00

  • Medical care at the 1982 US Festival.

    abstract::The 1982 US Festival, a three-day outdoor rock music festival, attracted close to 410,000 people. Through a private contractor, a group of physicians participated in the design, administration, and implementation of medical care for this event. Basic ambulatory care was provided by a multitiered approach, using emerge...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(86)80986-6

    authors: Ounanian LL,Salinas C,Shear CL,Rodney WM

    更新日期:1986-05-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of dichloroacetate following canine asphyxial arrest.

    abstract::Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) has been shown to lower elevated serum lactate levels produced by hypoxia, exercise, and phenformin. We conducted a study to investigate the effect of DCA treatment on lactic acidosis following resuscitation from asphyxial cardiac arrest. Conditioned dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbit...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80239-7

    authors: Gin-Shaw SL,Barsan WG,Eymer V,Hedges J

    更新日期:1988-05-01 00:00:00

  • Studying injuries with case-control methods in the emergency department.

    abstract::To study factors that cause or prevent injuries, it can be efficient to use a case-control study design and select both cases and controls from patients seen in the ED. Bias in case ascertainment can be reduced by studying exposures that, aside from their influence on the risk of injury, are unrelated to the use of em...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70289-6

    authors: Cummings P,Koepsell TD,Weiss NS

    更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00

  • Nonprice barriers to ambulatory care after an emergency department visit.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Availability of timely follow-up care is essential in emergency medicine. We describe nonprice barriers to care experienced by callers reporting to be emergency department (ED) patients in need of follow-up care. METHODS:This was a secondary analysis of data collected during a survey of ambulatory clin...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.10.027

    authors: Vieth TL,Rhodes KV

    更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00

  • Survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: recommendations for uniform definitions and data to report.

    abstract::Survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest vary widely among locations. We surveyed the definitions used in published studies of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Data from 74 studies involving 36 communities showed survival rates ranging from 2% to 44%. There were five different case definitions and 11 different...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82283-8

    authors: Eisenberg MS,Cummins RO,Damon S,Larsen MP,Hearne TR

    更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00

  • Selective aortic arch perfusion during cardiac arrest: enhanced resuscitation using oxygenated perflubron emulsion, with and without aortic arch epinephrine.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To evaluate selective aortic arch perfusion (SAAP) with an oxygenated fluorocarbon emulsion, with and without aortic arch epinephrine during cardiac arrest. METHODS:This randomized, controlled study, undertaken at a university research laboratory, involved 15 mixed-breed dogs. After 10 minutes of ventr...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(97)70244-0

    authors: Manning JE,Batson DN,Payne FB,Adam N,Murphy CA,Perretta SG,Norfleet EA

    更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00

  • Clinical policy: Critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with seizures.

    abstract::This clinical policy focuses on critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients with seizures. The medical literature was reviewed for articles that pertained to the critical questions posed. Subcommittee members and expert peer reviewers also supplied articles with direct bearing on this policy. Th...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 指南,杂志文章,实务指引

    doi:10.1016/S019606440400068X

    authors: ACEP Clinical Policies Committee.,Clinical Policies Subcommittee on Seizures.

    更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00

  • Breath alcohol analyzer mistakes methanol poisoning for alcohol intoxication.

    abstract::Breath alcohol analyzers are used to detect ethanol in motorists and others suspected of public intoxication. One concern is their ability to detect interfering substances that may falsely increase the ethanol reading. A 47-year-old-man was found in a public park, acting intoxicated. A breath analyzer test (Intoxilyze...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.07.021

    authors: Caravati EM,Anderson KT

    更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00

  • A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:We compare the efficacy of intranasal fentanyl versus intravenous morphine in a pediatric population presenting to an emergency department (ED) with acute long-bone fractures. METHODS:We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial in a tertiary pediatric ED bet...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.06.016

    authors: Borland M,Jacobs I,King B,O'Brien D

    更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00

  • An emergency department-based randomized trial of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage for early pathogen identification in severe community-acquired pneumonia.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:Many patients with community-acquired pneumonia are treated empirically without an aggressive search for causative pathogens, an approach adopted largely because of the costs and difficulties encountered during efforts to identify the causative organisms. Blood and sputum cultures are not sensitive, an...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1067/mem.2001.118014

    authors: Rodriguez RM,Fancher ML,Phelps M,Hawkins K,Johnson J,Stacks K,Rossini T,Way M,Holland D

    更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00

  • Electronic control device exposure: a review of morbidity and mortality.

    abstract::The use of electronic control devices has expanded worldwide during the last few years, the most widely used model being the Taser. However, the scientific knowledge about electronic control devices remains limited. We reviewed the medical literature to examine the potential implications of electronic devices in terms...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.01.023

    authors: Pasquier M,Carron PN,Vallotton L,Yersin B

    更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00

  • Community influenza outbreaks and emergency department ambulance diversion.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Influenza has been linked to emergency department (ED) crowding, yet few studies have examined this association. We describe the relationship between ED crowding and influenza outbreaks. METHODS:A retrospective time series analysis was conducted in Toronto from January 1996 to April 1999 (n=170 weeks)....

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2003.12.008

    authors: Schull MJ,Mamdani MM,Fang J

    更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00

  • Continuous versus intermittent nebulization of salbutamol in acute severe asthma: a randomized, controlled trial.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:This study was conducted to compare the clinical and spirometric effects of continuous and intermittent nebulization of salbutamol in acute severe asthma. METHODS:Forty-two consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department for acute severe asthma (peak expiratory flow [PEF] mean+/-SD, 24%+/-1...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1067/mem.2000.109169

    authors: Besbes-Ouanes L,Nouira S,Elatrous S,Knani J,Boussarsar M,Abroug F

    更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00

  • Elevated Toxoplasma IgG antibody in patients tested for infectious mononucleosis in an urban emergency department.

    abstract::There are many infectious causes of fatigue, sore throat, and fever, including mononucleosis and toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma antibody testing is rarely performed in most emergency departments; as a result, toxoplasmosis is diagnosed infrequently. We obtained Toxoplasma IgG IFA titers on ED patients who had mononucleosis...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(89)80575-x

    authors: Sayre MR,Jehle D

    更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00

  • Clinical features from the history and physical examination that predict the presence or absence of pulmonary embolism in symptomatic emergency department patients: results of a prospective, multicenter study.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Prediction rules for pulmonary embolism use variables explicitly shown to estimate the probability of pulmonary embolism. However, clinicians often use variables that have not been similarly validated, yet are implicitly believed to modify probability of pulmonary embolism. The objective of this study i...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.11.010

    authors: Courtney DM,Kline JA,Kabrhel C,Moore CL,Smithline HA,Nordenholz KE,Richman PB,Plewa MC

    更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00

  • Systematic review of strategies to manage and allocate scarce resources during mass casualty events.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Efficient management and allocation of scarce medical resources can improve outcomes for victims of mass casualty events. However, the effectiveness of specific strategies has never been systematically reviewed. We analyze published evidence on strategies to optimize the management and allocation of sca...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.02.005

    authors: Timbie JW,Ringel JS,Fox DS,Pillemer F,Waxman DA,Moore M,Hansen CK,Knebel AR,Ricciardi R,Kellermann AL

    更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00

  • Two separate unintentional fatalities with the same revolver.

    abstract::We report 2 deaths and 1 injury that resulted from 2 separate unintentional discharges of the same Ruger Blackhawk revolver. One discharge was a consequence of careless firearm handling combined with a slip during a decocking procedure unique to certain hammer-action firearms. The second discharge occurred when the fi...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1067/mem.2001.112251

    authors: Lee C,Nolte KB

    更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00

  • Initial test of emergency procedure performance in temporary negative pressure isolation by using simulation technologies.

    abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The potential of infectious disease spread in diseases such as tuberculosis, infectious disease epidemic such as avian flu and the threat of terrorism with agents capable of airborne transmission have focused attention on the need for increased surge capacity for patient isolation. Total negative pressu...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.04.017

    authors: Davis MA,Landesman R,Tadmor B,Hopmeier M,Shenhar G,Barker T,Pozner CN,Binstadt ES,Nelson S,Look R,Shubina M,Walls RM

    更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00

  • Toxicity from the use of niacin to beat urine drug screening.

    abstract::Niacin (vitamin B3) is promoted for rapidly clearing the body of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and cannabis, and is alleged to interfere with urine drug screening. We present 4 cases of such novel use associated with significant adverse effects. Two cases had isolated skin manifestations, whereas the other 2 present...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.01.014

    authors: Mittal MK,Florin T,Perrone J,Delgado JH,Osterhoudt KC

    更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00

  • Emergency medicine in the Bahamas.

    abstract::The Bahamas is an archipelago of 700 islands with the majority of the population concentrated on just 2 islands: New Providence and Grand Bahama. Most emergency medical services are provided by Princess Margaret Hospital and Rand Memorial Hospital located respectively on those 2 islands. A detailed description of the ...

    journal_title:Annals of emergency medicine

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1067/mem.2001.118865

    authors: Ezenkwele UA,Burnett-Garraway C,Green GB

    更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00