Prevalence of nephrolithiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients on the highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Protease inhibitors, specifically indinavir, have historically been implicated as a cause of nephrolithiasis in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. There is a paucity of data, however, on stone disease with nonindinavir etiologies since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We sought to describe the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the HIV population since the use of HAART. PATIENTS AND METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed HIV-positive patients currently receiving HAART treatment in whom image proven kidney and/or ureteral urolithiasis developed, between 1998 and 2010. A detailed analysis of patients' current treatment, surgical intervention, and metabolic studies was performed. RESULTS:A total of 436 HIV-positive patients were included and 46 (11%) patients had nephrolithiasis. Each patient included in this study was receiving nonindinavir-based antiretroviral therapy. There were 41 men of whom 36 were Caucasian. Eleven (24%) patients underwent 24-hour urine collections with 11 metabolic abnormalities identified. Stone analysis was available for seven patients (four calcium oxalate monohydrate, one cystine, one uric acid, and one atazanavir). CONCLUSIONS:We report the largest series of nephrolithiasis in an HIV population since the introduction of HAART and highlight not only the similar prevalence of nephrolithiasis to the non-HIV population but also the lack of consistent comprehensive metabolic evaluations in HIV patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis.

journal_name

J Endourol

journal_title

Journal of endourology

authors

Raheem OA,Mirheydar HS,Palazzi K,Chenoweth M,Lakin C,Sur RL

doi

10.1089/end.2011.0639

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2012-08-01 00:00:00

pages

1095-8

issue

8

eissn

0892-7790

issn

1557-900X

journal_volume

26

pub_type

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