Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Afghanistan has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world. We assess the health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve the safety of pregnancy and childbirth in Afghanistan. METHODS:Using national and sub-national data, we adapted a previously validated model that simulates the natural history of pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications. We incorporated data on antenatal care, family planning, skilled birth attendance and information about access to transport, referral facilities and quality of care. We evaluated single interventions (e.g. family planning) and strategies that combined several interventions packaged as integrated services (transport, intrapartum care). Outcomes included pregnancy-related complications, maternal deaths, maternal mortality ratios, costs and cost-effectiveness ratios. FINDINGS:Model-projected reduction in maternal deaths between 1999-2002 and 2007-08 approximated 20%. Increasing family planning was the most effective individual intervention to further reduce maternal mortality; up to 1 in 3 pregnancy-related deaths could be prevented if contraception use approached 60%. Nevertheless, reductions in maternal mortality reached a threshold (∼30% to 40%) without strategies that assured women access to emergency obstetrical care. A stepwise approach that coupled improved family planning with incremental improvements in skilled attendance, transport, referral and appropriate intrapartum care and high-quality facilities prevented 3 of 4 maternal deaths. Such an approach would cost less than US$200 per year of life saved at the national level, well below Afghanistan's per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a common benchmark for cost-effectiveness. Similar results were noted sub-nationally. INTERPRETATION:Our findings reinforce the importance of early intensive efforts to increase family planning for spacing and limiting births and to provide control of fertility choices. While significant improvements in health delivery infrastructure will be required to meet Millennium Development Goal 5, a paced systematic effort that invests in scaling up capacity for integrated maternal health services as the total fertility rate declines appears feasible and cost-effective.
journal_name
Health Policy Planjournal_title
Health policy and planningauthors
Carvalho N,Salehi AS,Goldie SJdoi
10.1093/heapol/czs026subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
62-74issue
1eissn
0268-1080issn
1460-2237pii
czs026journal_volume
28pub_type
杂志文章abstract::BACKGROUND A recent situational analysis suggests that post-apartheid South Africa has made some gains with respect to the decentralization and integration of mental health into primary health care. However, service gaps within and between provinces remain, with rural areas particularly underserved. Aim This study aim...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czr012
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Public sector price analyses of antiretroviral (ARV) medicines can provide relevant information to detect ARV procurement procedures that do not obtain competitive market prices. Price benchmarks provide a useful tool for programme managers and policy makers to support such planning and policy measures. The aim of the...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czs011
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:This study describes the post-diagnosis care-seeking costs incurred by people living with TB and/or HIV and their households, in order to identify the potential benefits of integrated care. Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study with 454 participants with TB or HIV or both in public primary health car...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czw183
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines the factors that influence patient choice of medical provider in the three-tier health care system in rural China: village health posts, township health centres, and county (and higher level) hospitals. The model is estimated using a multinomial logit approach applied to a sample of 1877 cases of o...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/13.3.311
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Financial protection should be the principal objective of any health system. Commonly used indicators for financial protection are out-of-pocket (OOP) payments as a share of total health expenditure and the amount of households driven into poverty by catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs). In the last decade, OOP hea...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czt002
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The persistently low quality and inadequacy of health services provided in public facilities has made the private sector an unavoidable choice for consumers of health care in Nigeria. Ineffective state regulation, however, has meant little control over the clinical activities of private sector providers while the pric...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/14.2.174
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper provides guidance on how to do a stakeholder analysis, whether the aim is to conduct a policy analysis, predict policy development, implement a specific policy or project, or obtain an organizational advantage in one's dealings with other stakeholders. Using lessons learned from an analysis of alcohol polic...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/15.3.338
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two assumptions underpin much of the literature that has examined the links between HIV/AIDS and security: (1) that HIV/AIDS is now firmly established as an international security issue; and (2) that Resolution 1308, adopted by the UN Security Council in July 2000, was the decisive moment in the securitization process...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czq051
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reports an empirical investigation into the pattern of private health insurance coverage in South Africa before and after deregulation of the health insurance industry. More specifically, we sought to measure trends in risk-pooling over the period 1985-95, and to assess the impact of risk pooling on the cos...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/15.4.378
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:One billion children live in war-affected regions of the world. We conducted the first cost-effectiveness analysis of an intervention for war-affected youth in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as a broader cost analysis. METHODS:The Youth Readiness Intervention (YRI) is a behavioural treatment for reducing funct...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/heapol/czv078
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is well known that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a growing cause of mortality and morbidity in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). While hypertension (HTN), a leading risk factor for CVD, can be easily managed with widely available medicines, there is a huge gap in treatment for HTN in many LMIC. One such c...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czw080
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Malaria is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Use of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) is an important preventive intervention. Selection of the best mechanisms for distribution and promotion of ITNs to vulnerable populations is an important strategic issue. METHODS:Comm...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czm002
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article examines the role of health governance in shaping the outcomes of healthcare reforms in China. The analysis shows that the failure of reforms during the 1980s and 1990s was in part due to inadequate attention to key aspects in health governance, such as strategic interactions among government, providers a...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czs109
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The health profile of Bangladesh has improved remarkably, yet gaps in delivering quality health care remain. In response to the need for evidence to quantify resources for providing health services in Bangladesh, this study estimates unit costs of providing the essential services package (ESP) in the not-for-profit se...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czx105
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many countries have expanded insurance programmes in an effort to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). We assess a complementary path toward financial risk protection: increased access to technologies that improve health and reduce the risk of large health expenditures. Malawi has provided free HIV treatment since...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa023
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper examines healthcare utilization behaviour in Sri Lanka with special emphasis on the choice between costly private and free public healthcare services. We use a data set that combines nationwide household survey data and district level healthcare supply data. Our findings suggest that even with universal pub...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czx085
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately 900 000 newborn children die every year in India, accounting for 28% of neonatal deaths globally. In 2011, India introduced a home-based newborn care (HBNC) package to be delivered by community health workers across rural areas. We estimate the disease and economic burden that could be averted by scaling...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czv113
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper investigates the effect of health-related expenditure on household welfare in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo, all of which have undertaken major health sector reform. Two methodologies are used: (i) the incidence and intensity of 'catastrophic' health care expenditure, and (i...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czq070
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In low- and middle-income countries, patients may travel abroad to seek better health services or treatments that are not available at home, especially in regions where great disparities exist between the standard of care in neighbouring countries. While awareness of South-South medical travels has increased, only a f...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa061
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The scale and severity of the impact of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic on low-income countries, mainly those in sub-Saharan Africa, is almost unimaginable to people in high-income countries. There is a particularly pressing need to understand better how to ensure the translation into policy and practice of important res...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/17.2.196
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In Nepal, women residing in rural areas tend to bypass local birth centres and deliver at urban hospitals, despite the availability of obstetric care in these centres. This study investigated the incidence of bypassing, characteristics of bypassers and their reasons for bypassing the birth centres. METHODS:...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czt090
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:We examine socio-economic status (SES) and geographic differences in willingness of respondents to pay for community-based health insurance (CBHI). METHODS:The study took place in Anambra and Enugu states, south-east Nigeria. It involved a rural, an urban and a semi-urban community in each of the two states....
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czp046
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Almost all sub-Saharan countries have adopted cost-reduction policies to facilitate access to health care. However, several studies underline the reimbursement delays experienced by health facilities, which lead to deficient implementation of these policies. In April 2016, for its free care policy, Burkina Faso shifte...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa039
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The decision-making process to introduce new vaccines into national immunization programmes is often complex, involving many stakeholders who provide technical information, mobilize finance, implement programmes and garner political support. Stakeholders may have different levels of interest, knowledge and motivations...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czs037
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Vietnam, as in many other countries, tuberculosis (TB) control has long been organized exclusively within the public health-care system. However, recently the private health-care sector has become more important and private health-care providers currently have a role in TB care delivery in Vietnam. Through a retros...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/16.1.47
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protecting households from high out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for health care is an important health system goal. High OOP payments can push households into poverty and make them vulnerable to catastrophic health expenditures. This study, based in India, aims to: (a) estimate OOP payments for health and related impover...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czr029
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Policy entrepreneurs are individuals who attempt to influence the policy process and its outcomes through their opportunistic or incremental actions. Their success in the policy-making process has been associated with the convergence of four factors: behavioural traits; institutional factors; network position and poli...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czv044
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Community-based health insurance (CBHI) has gained popularity in many low- and middle-income countries, partly as a policy response to calls for low-cost, pro-poor health financing solutions. In Africa, Rwanda has successfully implemented two types of CBHI systems since 2005, one of which with a flat rate premium (200...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa135
更新日期:2020-12-02 00:00:00
abstract::It is widely accepted that substantial reductions in maternal mortality and severe morbidity are impossible to achieve without an effective referral system for complicated cases. Early detection and referral to higher levels of care might also substantially reduce neonatal deaths due to the complications of childbirth...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/16.4.353
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Task-shifting the provision of pregnancy tests to community health workers (CHWs) in low-resource settings has the potential to reach significantly more underserved women at risk of pregnancy with essential reproductive health services. This study assessed whether an intervention to supply CHWs with home pregnancy tes...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/heapol/czz080
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00