Abstract:
:Field observations of bipedal posture and locomotion in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can serve as key evidence for reconstructing the likely origins of bipedalism in the last prehominid human ancestor. This paper reports on a sample of bipedal bouts, recorded ad libitum, in wild chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in southwestern Uganda. The Ruhija community of chimpanzees in Bwindi displays a high rate of bipedal posture. In 246.7 hr of observation from 2001-2003, 179 instances of bipedal posture lasting 5 sec or longer were recorded, for a rate of 0.73 bouts per observation hour. Bipedalism was observed only on arboreal substrates, and was almost all postural, and not locomotor. Bipedalism was part of a complex series of positional behaviors related to feeding, which included two-legged standing, one-legged standing with arm support, and other intermediate postures. Ninety-six percent of bipedal bouts occurred in a foraging context, always as a chimpanzee reached to pluck fruit from tree limbs. Bipedalism was seen in both male and female adults, less frequently among juveniles, and rarely in infants. Both the frequency and duration of bipedal bouts showed a significant positive correlation with estimated substrate diameter. Neither fruit size nor nearest-neighbor association patterns were significantly correlated with the occurrence of bipedalism. Bipedalism is seen frequently in the Bwindi chimpanzee community, in part because of the unusual observer conditions at Bwindi. Most observations of bipedalism were made when the animals were in treetops and the observer at eye-level across narrow ravines. This suggests that wild chimpanzees may engage in bipedal behavior more often than is generally appreciated. Models of the likely evolutionary origins of bipedalism are considered in the light of Bwindi bipedalism data. Bipedalism among Bwindi chimpanzees suggests the origin of bipedal posture in hominids to be related to foraging advantages in fruit trees. It suggests important arboreal advantages in upright posture. The origin of postural bipedalism may have preceded and been causally disconnected from locomotor bipedalism.
journal_name
Am J Phys Anthropoljournal_title
American journal of physical anthropologyauthors
Stanford CBdoi
10.1002/ajpa.20284subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-02-01 00:00:00pages
225-31issue
2eissn
0002-9483issn
1096-8644journal_volume
129pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeleta...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330480402
更新日期:1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Large body size has been traditionally seen as the primary dietary adaptation of gorillas, facilitating their consumption of fibrous foods (Schaller ¿1963 The Mountain Gorilla; Watts ¿1990 Int. J. Primatol. 11:21-45). Nevertheless, recent research has emphasized frugivory among western lowland gorillas, as well as the...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(2000)112:2<171::AID-AJPA4>
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article examines social and environmental influences on the development of hypertension in a sample of 568 adults (290 men; 278 women) aged 20 years and older from Dakar, Senegal. We test the hypothesis that more recent immigrants to the city of Dakar will have lower blood pressure and lower rates of hypertension...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.22122
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Periodic episodes of food scarcity may highlight the adaptive value of certain anatomical traits, particularly those that facilitate the acquisition and digestion of exigent fallback foods. To better understand the selective pressures that favored the distinctive dental and locomotor morphologies of gibbons and orangu...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.21119
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Body proportions and tissue composition (e.g., relative contributions of muscle, skin, bone, and adipose to total body mass) were determined through dissection of four adult captive lowland gorillas. The relative contribution of bone varies little among the four animals (10.2-13.4%) despite considerable range in body ...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/1096-8644(200009)113:1<61::AID-AJPA6>3.0.C
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article examines the influence of nutritional status on the emergence of deciduous dentition in a cross-sectional sample of 510 rural Rajput children from the Jubbal and Kotkhai Tehsils, Shimla District, Himachal Pradesh, India. The nutritional status of each child was evaluated using Z-scores of height/supine le...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.22041
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:In recent years, several studies have shown that populations from cold, high-latitude regions tend to have relatively shorter limbs than populations from tropical regions, with most of the difference due to the relative length of the zeugopods (i.e., radius, ulna, tibia, fibula). This pattern has been explai...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.22774
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Morphological measurements were collected from 12 wild and 12 captive mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona) on the Caribbean island of Grenada. Mona monkeys were introduced to Grenada from Africa approximately 200 to 300 years ago during the slave trade era. Wild monkeys were captured using either 1) a baited treadle-door...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199804)105:4<481::AID-AJPA
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The appearance of external auditory exostoses archaeologically has been attributed to aquatic activities in middle latitudes. However, recent clinical research implicates low sea surface temperatures, especially below a threshold of 19°C, as a stronger predictor of ear exostosis development than latitude. He...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.23757
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Stable isotope analysis has been used to investigate consumption of marine resources in a variety of terrestrial mammals, including humans, but not yet in extant nonhuman primates. We sought to test the efficacy of stable isotope analysis as a tool for such studies by comparing isotope- and observation-based...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.23332
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genes for testis-specific protein Y (TSPY) were sequenced from chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), and baboon (Papio hamadryas). The sequences were compared with each other and with the published human sequence. Substitutions were detected at 144 of the 755 nucleoti...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199607)100:3<301::AID-AJPA
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were measured from dental casts representing the deciduous dentitions of 197 Aboriginal children from the Northern Territory of Australia. Double determination analysis indicated that the semi-automatic recording procedure used was reliable leading to observer errors of no ...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330480408
更新日期:1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treponemal disease is known to be associated with the compromised community health of permanent village settlement. This association explains its high visibility in the village-based, arguably chiefdom level, agriculturalist societies of late prehistoric (AD 1300-1600) North America. Within chiefdom-level societies, h...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.21381
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pliopithecinae and Crouzeliinae (Primates: Pliopithecidae) are distinguished dentally by the sharper crests, more compressed cusps, larger foveae, and narrower molars of the latter. Traditionally, such differences were qualitatively related to increased folivory in crouzeliines. This was subsequently disproved by micr...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.22299
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The name "Wampanoag" means "Eastern People" or "People of the First Light" in the local dialect of the Algonquian language. Once extensively populating the coastal lands and neighboring islands of the eastern United States, the Wampanoag people now consist of two federally recognized tribes, the Aquinnah and Mashpee, ...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.21281
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Dental microwear is a promising tool to reconstruct animals' diet because it reflects the interplay between the enamel surface and the food items recently consumed. This study examines the sources of inter-individual variations in dietary habits in a free-ranging population of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) u...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.23337
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A very limiting factor for paleoanthropological studies is the poor state of preservation of the human fossil record, where fragmentation and deformation are considered normal. Although anatomical information can still be gathered from a distorted fossil, such specimens must typically be excluded from advanced morphol...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.22376
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oliver is an African ape whose species identity has been debated in the popular media and by various scientists since the early 1970s. Although decisive morphological data has never been adduced on Oliver, many reports indicated that Oliver was morphologically unusual for a chimpanzee, particularly in his habitual bip...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<395::AID-AJPA
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A histological aging study of femoral midshafts in a late Roman period sample from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, showed discrete fluorochrome labelling. The fluorochrome is yellow-green in colour and fluoresces at a wavelength of 525 nm. The labelling occurs at the mineralization fronts and is so distinct that several his...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330800202
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pair was used to analyze the frequency of insertion of the first described, nonhuman, baboon-specific Alu repetitive element in populations from the Papio hamadryas anubis and the Papio hamadryas hamadryas subspecies, and from a number of anubis-hamadryas hybrids. The Alu...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199905)109:1<1::AID-AJPA1>
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Life history theory posits that, as long as survival is assured, finite resources are available for reproduction, maintenance, and growth/storage. To maximize lifetime reproductive success, resources are subject to trade-offs both within individuals and between current and future investment. For women, reproducing is ...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/ajpa.21621
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Excavations at hearth levels at the Molare Shelter in 1985 yielded the mandible of a 3-4-year-old child. The associated lithic artifacts recovered with it are Mousterian. Its features, although quite archaic, are within the known range of variation of Neandertals. Four deciduous molars are still preserved in the mandi...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330790404
更新日期:1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies of the correlations between the languages spoken by human populations and the genes carried by the members of those populations have been limited by the small amount of genetic markers available and by approximations in the treatment of linguistic data. In this study we analyzed a large collection of ...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.20622
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::An approach, computational shape analysis (CSA), is presented here which utilizes a Fourier-wavelet representation to numerically describe shape features of biological forms. Two elements are involved: 1) elliptical Fourier functions (EFFs), to provide estimates of global aspects, and 2) continuous wavelet transforms ...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.20209
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We constructed a three-dimensional whole-body musculoskeletal model of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) based on computed tomography and dissection of a cadaver. The skeleton was modeled as a chain of 20 bone segments connected by joints. Joint centers and rotational axes were estimated by joint morphology based ...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.20986
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dramatic changes in cranial capacity have characterized human evolution. Important evolutionary hypotheses, such as the spatial packing hypothesis, assert that increases in relative brain size (encephalization) have caused alterations to the modern human skull, resulting in a suite of traits unique among extant primat...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.23766
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Sterkfontein fossil site in South Africa has produced the largest concentration of early hominin fossils from a single locality. Recent reports suggest that Australopithecus from this site is found within a broad paleontological age of between 2.5-3.5 Ma (Partridge [2000] The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, Oxford: O...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.10156
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Little research exists documenting levels of intestinal inflammation among indigenous populations where exposure to macroparasites, like soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), is common. Reduced STH exposure is hypothesized to contribute to increased prevalence of elevated intestinal inflammation in wealthy nati...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.23897
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been argued that techniques for estimating adult age-at-death from cortical histology are deleteriously affected by sampling location. This study uses nine complete femoral midshaft cross-sections to test the effect of sampling site on measurement of a standard histological variable, percent remodeled bone. Cir...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330960110
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uncertainties as to the nature and implications of osteoarthritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) in primates were subject to critical review through examination of 153 prosimians and 1,250 Old World non-prosimian primates. Osteoarthritis, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, and infectious ar...
journal_title:American journal of physical anthropology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330870308
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00