Abstract:
:Germany is in a period of transition with regard to healthcare reform. The number and intensity of cost control interventions increased during the last decade in an attempt to contain healthcare expenditure. The German legislature has implemented long term macroeconomic measures such as contribution rate stability and global budgeting. The mid-term goal is to reduce the structural deficits of the current system. This paper argues that reference prices, introduced in the 1989 Healthcare Reform Act, did not produce the expected savings. An analysis of the effects of the 1993 Healthcare Structure Act on pharmaceutical expenditure is also presented. Compared with the implementation of the reference price system, the introduction of global budgeting in 1993 has had a more effective and lasting cost-containment impact. The paper concludes with a review of the main aspects of the current reform discussion.
journal_name
Pharmacoeconomicsjournal_title
PharmacoEconomicsauthors
Ulrich V,Wille Edoi
10.2165/00019053-199600102-00013subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-01-01 00:00:00pages
81-8eissn
1170-7690issn
1179-2027journal_volume
10 Suppl 2pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Within the framework of economic evaluations, the transferability of utility scores between jurisdictions remains unclear. The EQ-5D is a generic instrument for measuring health-related quality of life in economic evaluations, which can be used for comparing utility scores across countries. At present, the E...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11314120-000000000-00000
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluconazole (FLU) is an alternative to amphotericin B (AMB) for the treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. This agent has similar clinical efficacy but significantly reduced adverse effects compared with AMB. Using the database from a Canadian randomised multicentre comparative trial of FLU versus AMB in...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00019053-199813050-00004
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::About one-quarter of men aged 50 years and older experience voiding problems due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Until about 10 years ago, surgery (particularly transurethral resection of the prostate) was the only effective treatment for symptomatic BPH. Over the last decade, several new treatments have been i...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200119020-00003
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Pertussis is a highly contagious infection affecting mainly children. Acellular pertussis vaccines were recently introduced in Canada based on evidence of improved safety and efficacy over whole cell vaccines, the current standard of care. The following study reports the economic impact of replacing the whole...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200119050-00009
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Constipation is one of the most common digestive complaints. It is a symptom, not a disease. The subjectivity that this involves means that assessments of clinical epidemiology, socioeconomic costs and pharmacotherapy are difficult, since there is no definition of 'normal' bowel habit. Although constipation can affect...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199507010-00003
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disease management is a systematic approach to a health condition or a healthcare intervention that organises preventative, interventional and care approaches throughout the continuum of care and which measures outcomes in terms of populations, not individuals. Disease management's advantage over the current component...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199814010-00002
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The efficacy of granisetron in preventing acute nausea and vomiting during the 24 hours following chemotherapy in patients with cancer is equivalent to that of other serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (ondansetron and tropisetron) and similar to or greater than that of conventional antiemetic regimens such as metocl...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199609040-00009
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent licensing of interferon-beta for use in patients with multiple sclerosis has caused concern, in view of the equivocal evidence of efficacy, pressure of public expectation towards its use and the high expected cost if widespread use were to be sanctioned. Whether such alarm is justified remains a moot point....
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199711030-00002
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although decision making about what drugs to include in an institutional formulary appears to lend itself readily to quantitative techniques such as decision analysis and cost-benefit analysis, a review of the literature reveals that very little has been published in this area. Several of the published decision analy...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199303060-00005
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important public health problem all over the world. Vaccination is one way to prevent it, and several strategies can be used depending on endemicity, the main pattern of HBV transmission and the demographic structure of the population. In this study, an economic comparison of 3 ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199507050-00007
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To obtain utility estimates suitable for use in economic models for chronic spontaneous (idiopathic) urticaria (CSU). METHODS:Patient-level data from three randomized clinical trials-ASTERIA I, ASTERIA II and GLACIAL-were analysed. Health states were derived from the Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days (UA...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-015-0375-7
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stroke remains the leading cause of neurological disability and the third leading cause of death worldwide, consuming a large share of total healthcare expenditures. In this review, we discuss the cost effectiveness of stroke prevention for various risk factor-modification programmes and pharmacological interventions ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199711050-00004
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Economic factors are a limiting factor toward the implementation of many health programmes and interventions. Economic evaluation has a great potential to contribute toward cost-effective healthcare delivery in South Africa. Little is known about the characteristics and quality of health economic (including ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11589450-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::As part of its Single Technology Appraisal (STA) process, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) invited the manufacturer of evolocumab (Amgen) to submit evidence on the clinical and cost effectiveness of evolocumab. The appraisal assessed evolocumab as monotherapy or in combination with a statin...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-016-0472-2
更新日期:2016-11-16 00:00:00
abstract::Until a few years ago, griseofulvin and ketoconazole were the only 2 oral agents available for the treatment of dermatophyte onychomycosis of the toenails. With the availability of the newer antifungal agents, such as itraconazole, terbinafine and fluconazole, the armamentarium of drugs available to treat onychomycosi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199813020-00007
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent multinational, randomised, prospective studies Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE), Percutaneous Coronary Intervention substudy of CURE (PCI-CURE) and Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation (CREDO) have demonstrated the clinical efficacy and safety of clopid...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,多中心研究
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422004-00006
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of long term maintenance treatment with citalopram versus standard therapy (defined as short term antidepressant treatment) in patients with major depression in Germany. We chose doxepin, amitriptyline and trimipramine as standard therapy because th...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199508020-00007
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this article was to perform a detailed methodological review of models used to estimate the cost effectiveness of drug treatment regimens for HIV infection in Europe and North America and assess the relationship between the different modeling approaches or key structural assumptions and the results. Electro...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-013-0098-6
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was designed to compare the costs of a pharmacy-based Central Intravenous Additive Service (CIVAS) with those of traditional ward-based preparation of intravenous doses for a paediatric population. Labour costs were derived from timings of preparation of individual doses in both the pharmacy and ward by an ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199610040-00007
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to develop a generic treatment algorithm for influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) that could be used to estimate the costs and outcomes of current and new treatments for influenza in different countries for different patient subgroups. METHODS:A series of possible treatment pa...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199916001-00010
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common severe opportunistic infection, and one of the most costly, among people with AIDS. Over 50% of patients experience toxic effects of the major anti-PCP medications- cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and pentamidine. Recently, the US Food and Drug Admi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199609060-00007
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Results from the PROVE IT trial suggest that patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with atorvastatin 80 mg/day (A80) have significantly lower rates of cardiovascular events compared with patients treated with pravastatin 40 mg/day (P40). In a genetic post hoc substudy of the PROVE IT trial, the...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40273-013-0054-5
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measuring health-related quality of life in patients with cancer has focused primarily on the development of reliable and valid instruments (questionnaires), and on the effect of chemotherapy in phase III clinical trials. From this research several important lessons have emerged, such as: (i) the need to measure multi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199507040-00005
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:While drotrecogin alfa (activated) was shown to decrease absolute 28-day mortality by 6.1% in patients with severe sepsis in the Recombinant Human Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study, no mortality benefit was observed in the subset of patients with only one organ system failure. C...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03262331
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccination is an underutilised, low cost and effective method of preventing illness. Cost-effectiveness analysis discloses a beneficial role of influenza vaccination in preventing illness especially in patients over 65 years of age and in high risk patients. In one large study, when 150 million doses of influenza v...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199202030-00003
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Recent randomised trials have demonstrated a statistically significant effect of trastuzumab on disease-free survival when used as adjuvant therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 protein (HER2)-positive resectable early stage breast cancer, with a treatment course lasting either 9 or 52 weeks. ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200725050-00006
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of using different cost-effectiveness measures in the economic evaluation of cholesterol-modifying pharmacotherapy. DESIGN AND SETTING:An economic model was used to examine the extent to which the relative cost effectiveness of cholesterol-modifying agents varies depending upon the cos...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199916020-00008
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review, the economic aspects of pneumococcal pneumonia are analysed, including the costs, cost effectiveness and cost benefit of treatment and prevention. We identified eight cost-of-illness studies, 15 analyses comparing the costs of different treatment options and 15 economic evaluations of prevention that m...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422110-00003
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The study objective was to evaluate and compare quality-of-life (QOL) parameters between patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus who changed therapy from an oral hypoglycaemic agent (OHA) to insulin and those who remained on an OHA. DESIGN:The World Health Organization Quality of Life ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199814020-00008
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Patients with cancer-associated neutropenia are at high risk of developing severe infections which can be fatal if treatment is not promptly administered. For this reason, fever is treated as soon as possible with broad spectrum antibacterial therapy. The objective of this study was to conduct a cost analysis...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199915010-00006
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00