Abstract:
:The private sector is the predominant provider of health care in Brazil, particularly for inpatient services, and financing is a mix of public (through a prospective reimbursement system) and private. Roughly a quarter of the population has private insurance coverage, reflecting rapid growth in the past decade fuelled by the crisis in the public reimbursement system and the perceived deterioration of publicly provided care. Four major forms of insurance exist: (1) prepaid group practice; (2) medical cooperatives, physician owned and operated preferred provider organizations; (3) company health plans where employers ensure employee access to services under various types of arrangements from direct provision to purchasing of private services; and (4) health indemnity insurance. Each type of plan includes a wide variety of subplans from basic individual/family coverage to comprehensive executive coverage. The paper discusses the characteristics, costs and utilization patterns of all types of privately financed care, as well as the major problems associated with private financing: the limited package of benefits and low payout ceilings, inadequate consumer information and virtually no regulation.
journal_name
Health Policy Planjournal_title
Health policy and planningauthors
Lewis MA,Medici ACdoi
10.1093/heapol/10.4.362subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-12-01 00:00:00pages
362-75issue
4eissn
0268-1080issn
1460-2237journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the cost-effectiveness of introducing hepatitis B vaccine into routine infant immunization services in Mozambique, which took place in the year 2001. METHODS:A decision analytic model was used to estimate the impact of hepatitis B vaccination. This model was developed for the WHO to estimate the ...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czi006
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines the factors that influence patient choice of medical provider in the three-tier health care system in rural China: village health posts, township health centres, and county (and higher level) hospitals. The model is estimated using a multinomial logit approach applied to a sample of 1877 cases of o...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/13.3.311
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since 2001 substantial resources have been allocated to the reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health sector (RMNCH) in Pakistan. Many new programmes have been started and coverage of some existing programmes has been extended to un-served and rural areas. Despite these efforts the Millennium Development Goals ...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czx021
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the start of the United Nations International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade in the 1980s, guinea worm disease was targeted as the major indicator of the success of the Decade's efforts to promote safe water. By the late 1980s, most of the guinea worm endemic countries in Africa and South Asia had esta...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/12.4.354
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Health insurance premium exemptions for pregnant women are a strategy to increase coverage of maternal health services in sub-Saharan countries. We examine health insurance registration among pregnant women before or after the introduction of a premium exemption, and test whether registration increases utili...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czt086
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately 900 000 newborn children die every year in India, accounting for 28% of neonatal deaths globally. In 2011, India introduced a home-based newborn care (HBNC) package to be delivered by community health workers across rural areas. We estimate the disease and economic burden that could be averted by scaling...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czv113
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years there has been a growth in the number of independent health policy analysis institutes in low- and middle-income countries which has occurred in response to the limitation of government analytical capacity and pressures associated with democratization. This study aimed to: (i) investigate the contribut...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czr035
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to assess the impact of National Health Insurance (NHI) on the utilization of neonatal care and childhood vaccination in Taiwan. Data are selected from two nationwide maternal and infant surveys undertaken in 1989 and 1996, which were funded by the Department of Health. The questionnair...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/17.4.384
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Chile, workers are mandated to choose either public or private health insurance coverage. Although private insurance premiums depend on health risk, public insurance premiums are solely linked to income. This structure implies that individuals with higher health risks may tend to avoid private insurance, leaving th...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czt017
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper explores changes to budget allocations for health during the decentralization process in UGANDA: When the districts were given the authority to allot their own budgets, allocations for health were reduced considerably. The rationale for this by district leaders is investigated and analyzed. Their criteria f...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/16.2.187
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Community-based health insurance (CBI) is a common mechanism to generate financial resources for health care in developing countries. We review for the first time provider payment methods used in CBI in developing countries and their impact on CBI performance. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review of the...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/heapol/czs034
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The burden of disease due to injuries has elicited virtually no public health response in the countries of central and eastern Europe, even though injuries have long been a much greater problem in the east of Europe than in the west, with children especially affected. This paper seeks to identify factors that have inh...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/15.3.263
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:This study describes the post-diagnosis care-seeking costs incurred by people living with TB and/or HIV and their households, in order to identify the potential benefits of integrated care. Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study with 454 participants with TB or HIV or both in public primary health car...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czw183
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::User priorities regarding quality care in contexts of medical pluralism are poorly documented. Drawing on group and individual interviews with women, we interrogate ideas of quality maternity care in the context of Nigeria's medical pluralism. We found complex utilization patterns for conventional, complementary and a...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czx131
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The financial remuneration of health workers (HWs) is a key concern to address human resources for health challenges. In low-income settings, the exploration of the sources of income available to HWs, their determinants and the livelihoods strategies that those remunerations entail are essential to gain a better under...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czv131
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The redistributive effects of a social insurance programme are determined by how the programme is paid for-who pays and how much do they pay?-and how the benefits are distributed. As a result, the redistributive effects of a social health insurance programme should be evaluated on the basis of its net benefit-the diff...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czl037
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Development assistance for health (DAH) has increased substantially in recent years and is seen as important to the improvement of health and health systems in developing countries. As a result, there has been increasing interest in tracking and understanding these resource flows from the global health community. A nu...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czr076
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drink-driving is a major cause of global road traffic fatalities, yet few countries have laws that meet international best practices. One possible reason is the alcohol industry's opposition to meaningful policies that are perceived to directly threaten sales. Our primary objectives are to document alcohol industry in...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa097
更新日期:2020-11-21 00:00:00
abstract::Zambia has one of the most liberal abortion laws in sub-Saharan Africa. However, rates of unsafe abortion remain high with negative health and economic consequences. Little is known about the economic burden on women of abortion care-seeking in low income countries. The majority of studies focus on direct costs (e.g. ...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czv138
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In low- and middle-income countries, patients may travel abroad to seek better health services or treatments that are not available at home, especially in regions where great disparities exist between the standard of care in neighbouring countries. While awareness of South-South medical travels has increased, only a f...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa061
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been argued that targeting delivery of anthelmintics to school-children by taking advantage of the existing education infrastructure and administrative system can be one of the most cost-effective approaches in minimizing the intensity of infections with both schistosomiasis and major intestinal nematodes in ma...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/13.4.384
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing interest in the prospects for managed market reforms in developing countries, stimulated by current reforms and policy debates in developed countries, and by perceptions of widespread public sector inefficiency in many countries. This review examines the prospects for such reforms in a developing c...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/heapol/9.3.237
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sector-wide approaches (SWAps) in health were developed in the early 1990s in response to widespread dissatisfaction with fragmented donor-sponsored projects and prescriptive adjustment lending. SWAps were intended to provide a more coherent way to articulate and manage government-led sectoral policies and expenditure...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czs128
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low renewal rate is a key challenge facing the sustainability of community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes. While there is a large literature on initial enrolment into such schemes, there is limited evidence on the factors that impede renewal. This article uses longitudinal data to analyse what determines renewa...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czw090
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advocacy, policy, research and intervention efforts against childhood pneumonia have lagged behind other health issues, including malaria, measles and tuberculosis. Accelerating progress on the issue began in 2008, following decades of efforts by individuals and organizations to address the leading cause of childhood ...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czv070
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Integration of health services has been pursued worldwide. Diversity in integration approaches and in the contexts in which integrated programmes operate, however, hinders comparative analysis of care integration in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study evaluates an...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czz111
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the past 10 years, donors have recognized the need for major reforms to achieve sustainable development. Using non-project assistance they have attempted to leverage reforms by offering financing conditioned on the enactment of reform. The experience of USAID's health reform programmes in Niger and Nigeria sugg...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/9.4.371
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Social accountability is increasingly invoked as a way of improving health services. This article presents a theory-driven qualitative study of the context, mechanisms and outcomes of a social accountability program, Citizen Voice and Action (CVA), implemented by World Vision (WV) in Zambia. Primary data were collecte...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/heapol/czx024
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), making the best use of scarce resources is essential to achieving universal health coverage. The design of health benefits packages creates the opportunity to select interventions on the basis of explicit objectives. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) provide...
journal_title:Health policy and planning
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doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa015
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Health policy and planning
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更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00