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ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: Exceedance of Critical Loads for Lakes inFinland, Norway, and Sweden: Reduction Requirements for AcidifyingNitrogen and Sulfur Deposition

Abstract：

:/ The main objectives of this study were to identify the regions inFennoscandia where the critical loads of sulfur (S) and acidifying nitrogen(N) for lakes are exceeded and to investigate the consequences for depositionreductions, with special emphasis on the possible trade-offs between S and Ndeposition in order to achieve nonexceedance. In the steady-state model forcalculating critical loads and their exceedances, all relevant processesacting assinks for N and S are considered. The critical loads of N and S areinterrelated (defining the so-called critical load function), and therefore asingle critical load for one pollutant cannot be defined without makingassumptions about the other. Comparing the present N and S deposition withthe critical load function for each lake allows determination of thepercentage of lakes in the different regions of Fennoscandia where: (1) Sreductions alone can achieve nonexceedance, (2) N reductions alone aresufficient, and (3) both N and S reductions are required but to a certaindegree interchangeable. Secondly, deposition reduction requirements wereassessed by fixing the N deposition to the present level, in this wayanalyzing the reductions required for S, and by computing the percentage oflakes exceeded in Finland, Norway and Sweden for every possible percentdeposition reduction in S and N, in this way showing the (relative)effectiveness of reducing S and/or N deposition. The results showed clearregional patterns in the S and N reduction requirements. In practically thewhole of Finland and the northern parts of Scandinavia man-made acidificationof surface waters could be avoided by reducing S deposition alone. In thesouthern parts of Sweden some reductions in N deposition are clearly neededin addition to those for S. In southern Norway strong reductions are requiredfor both N and S deposition.KEY WORDS: Acidification; Critical load; Exceedance; Sulfur; Nitrogen;Deposition; Lake

journal_name

Environ Manage

journal_title

Environmental management

authors

Posch M,Kamari J,Forsius M,Henriksen A,Wilander A

doi

10.1007/s002679900028

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1997-03-01 00:00:00

pages

291-304

issue

eissn

0364-152X

issn

1432-1009

pii

1650

journal_volume

pub_type

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ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: Exceedance of Critical Loads for Lakes inFinland, Norway, and Sweden: Reduction Requirements for AcidifyingNitrogen and Sulfur Deposition