Development and validation of a sensitive solid-phase-extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography assay for the bioreductive agent tirapazamine and its major metabolites in mouse and human plasma for pharmacokinetically guided dose escalation.

Abstract:

:A sensitive solid-phase-extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the hypoxic-cell cytotoxic agent tirapazamine (1,2,4-benzotriazine-3-amine 1,4-di-N-oxide; WIN 59075, SR 4233), currently in phase I/II studies in the United Kingdom and United States. A sample extraction and concentration process was devised using strong cation-exchange Bond Elut cartridges. Tirapazamine, the mono and zero-N-oxide metabolites (WIN 64012, WIN 60109) were isocratically resolved using a microBondapak phenyl HPLC column and measured using photodiode-array detection. The minimal quantifiable level (MQL) of tirapazamine was 40 ng/ml in mouse plasma and 20 ng/ml in human plasma. Recovery was consistently greater than 80% for all compounds over the concentration range of 20 ng/ml to 20 micrograms/ml. No significant decomposition was observed following up to three freeze/thaw cycles and storage at -70 degrees C for 52 days. The assay was accurate and reproducible, with measured values lying within the limits of defined acceptance criteria. Additional studies to investigate the degree of plasma protein binding showed that tirapazamine did not bind extensively to plasma proteins (binding, 9.7% +/- 0.1% and 18.7% +/- 1.3% in mouse and human plasma, respectively). These small species differences in protein binding are unlikely to have any major impact on the extrapolation of pharmacokinetic data from mice to humans. The assay has now been successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of tirapazamine in mice and patients as part of a pharmacokinetically guided dose-escalation strategy for phase I clinical trials.

authors

Robin H Jr,Senan S,Workman P,Graham MA

doi

10.1007/BF00685859

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1995-01-01 00:00:00

pages

266-70

issue

3

eissn

0344-5704

issn

1432-0843

journal_volume

36

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of thalidomide and lenalidomide in nonhuman primates.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Thalidomide, originally developed as a sedative, was subsequently identified to have antiangiogenic properties. Lenalidomide is an antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory agent that has been utilized in the treatment of patients with brain tumors. We studied the pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetr...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-011-1781-y

    authors: Muscal JA,Sun Y,Nuchtern JG,Dauser RC,McGuffey LH,Gibson BW,Berg SL

    更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00

  • ASNA1, an ATPase targeting tail-anchored proteins, regulates melanoma cell growth and sensitivity to cisplatin and arsenite.

    abstract:PURPOSE:ASNA1 is homologous to E. coli ArsA, a well characterized ATPase involved in efflux of arsenite and antimonite. Cells resistant to arsenite and antimonite are cross-resistant to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. ASNA1 is also an essential ATPase for the insertion of tail-anchored proteins into ER membranes a...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-008-0762-2

    authors: Hemmingsson O,Zhang Y,Still M,Naredi P

    更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00

  • Phase II study of cisplatin/pemetrexed combined with bevacizumab followed by pemetrexed/bevacizumab maintenance therapy in patients with EGFR-wild advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

    abstract:PURPOSE:This phase II study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cisplatin/pemetrexed combined with 15 mg/kg of bevacizumab followed by pemetrexed/bevacizumab maintenance therapy as first-line chemotherapy in advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) limited to epidermal growth factor rec...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-018-3573-0

    authors: Fukushima T,Wakatsuki Y,Kobayashi T,Sonehara K,Tateishi K,Yamamoto M,Masubuchi T,Yoshiike F,Hirai K,Hachiya T,Koizumi T

    更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00

  • Effects of the polyamine analogues BE-4-4-4-4, BE-3-7-3, and BE-3-3-3 on the proliferation of three prostate cancer cell lines.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Polyamines are biologic cations necessary for normal cell growth. Polyamine analogues have been shown to be effective inhibitors of tumor growth. We tested the effect of the polyamine analogues 1,1 9-bis(ethylamino)-5,10,15-triazanonadecane (BE-4-4-4-4), N1,N11-bis(ethyl)norspermine (BE-3-3-3) and 1,15-bis(ethy...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002800050643

    authors: Jeffers L,Church D,Basu H,Marton L,Wilding G

    更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00

  • MRP2 and GSTP1 polymorphisms and chemotherapy response in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

    abstract:PURPOSE:The level of drug metabolism and drug transport is correlated with the sensitivity of cancer cells towards platinum-based chemotherapy. We hypothesize that genetic polymorphisms in metabolising enzymes gene GSTP1 (glutathione S-transferase P1), and MRP2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 2) (ABCC2), which...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-009-1046-1

    authors: Sun N,Sun X,Chen B,Cheng H,Feng J,Cheng L,Lu Z

    更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00

  • Measured versus estimated glomerular filtration rate in the Calvert equation: influence on carboplatin dosing.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Carboplatin is frequently dosed to achieve a desired area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) by using the Calvert or Chatelut equations to estimate carboplatin clearance. Accurate determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is necessary to correctly calculate carboplatin clearance using the C...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002800000260

    authors: Donahue A,McCune JS,Faucette S,Gillenwater HH,Kowalski RJ,Socinski MA,Lindley C

    更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00

  • Phase I, dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of cediranib (RECENTIN), a highly potent and selective VEGFR signaling inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors.

    abstract:PURPOSE:To evaluate safety and tolerability of cediranib, a highly potent and selective vascular endothelial growth factor signaling inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapies. METHODS:In part A (n = 16), patients received once-daily oral cediranib (10-45 mg) to identif...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-009-0979-8

    authors: Yamamoto N,Tamura T,Yamamoto N,Yamada K,Yamada Y,Nokihara H,Fujiwara Y,Takahashi T,Murakami H,Boku N,Yamazaki K,Puchalski TA,Shin E

    更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00

  • The use of serum levels of cardiac troponin T to compare the protective activity of dexrazoxane against doxorubicin- and mitoxantrone-induced cardiotoxicity.

    abstract:PURPOSE:To compare the protective effect of dexrazoxane (DRZ) against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DXR) and mitoxantrone (MTX). METHODS:Adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with 1 mg/kg DXR (i.v.) or 0.5 mg/kg MTX (i.v.), either alone or 30 min after 25 mg/kg DRZ (i.p.) weekly for up...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002800100348

    authors: Herman EH,Zhang J,Rifai N,Lipshultz SE,Hasinoff BB,Chadwick DP,Knapton A,Chai J,Ferrans VJ

    更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00

  • Alkylphosphocholines: influence of structural variation on biodistribution at antineoplastically active concentrations.

    abstract::Hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC) and octadecylphosphocholine (OPC) show very potent antitumor activity against autochthonous methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas in rats. The longer-chain and unsaturated homologue erucylphosphocholine (EPC) forms lamellar structures rather than micelles, but nonetheless exhibits ...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF00686401

    authors: Kötting J,Berger MR,Unger C,Eibl H

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00

  • Polymorphisms in ERCC1 C8092A predict progression-free survival in metastatic/recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

    abstract:OBJECTIVES:We evaluated whether DNA repair gene polymorphisms had an effect on clinical outcomes in metastatic/recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Clinical data of 101 patients with metastatic/recurrent NPC between 2004 and 2011 were review...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-013-2196-8

    authors: Chen C,Wang F,Wang Z,Li C,Luo H,Liang Y,An X,Shao J,Li Y

    更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00

  • Chemomodulation of drugs involved in multidrug resistance in chronic lymphatic leukemia of the B-cell type.

    abstract::Reduced drug accumulation may be one reason for intrinsic drug resistance in chronic lymphatic leukemia of the B-cell type (B-CLL). Immunophenotyped leukemic human B-cells from 38 cases of B-CLL were characterized for P-glycoprotein (PGP) content. In all, 30 cases of B-CLL were additionally analyzed for further parame...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF00686038

    authors: Reichle A,Diddens H,Altmayr F,Rastetter J,Andreesen R

    更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00

  • Phase II trial of everolimus in patients with refractory metastatic adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction and stomach: possible role for predictive biomarkers.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Our study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of everolimus in patients with pre-treated metastatic gastric and esophagus cancers in a US-based population focusing on biomarker correlation. METHODS:Patients with advanced upper GI adenocarcinomas who progressed after 1-2 prior regimens received eve...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1007/s00280-015-2744-5

    authors: Wainberg ZA,Soares HP,Patel R,DiCarlo B,Park DJ,Liem A,Wang HJ,Yonemoto L,Martinez D,Laux I,Brennan M,Hecht JR

    更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00

  • Determination of pharmacokinetic values of calicheamicin-antibody conjugates in mice by plasmon resonance analysis of small (5 microl) blood samples.

    abstract:PURPOSE:The present study aims to establish a method that provides fast, precise and reproducible pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of antibody-calicheamicin conjugates. The method should discriminate between PK of the antibody moiety and PK of the conjugated calicheamicin (CM). METHODS:The conjugates gemtuzumab ozogami...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-007-0560-2

    authors: Boghaert ER,Khandke KM,Sridharan L,Dougher M,DiJoseph JF,Kunz A,Hamann PR,Moran J,Chaudhary I,Damle NK

    更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00

  • In vivo microdialysis to characterize drug transport in brain tumors: analysis of methotrexate uptake in rat glioma-2 (RG-2)-bearing rats.

    abstract::Brain microdialysis was applied to sample free methotrexate (MTX) concentrations in brain extracellular fluid of normal and RG-2 glioma-bearing rats. All animals received 50 mg/kg of MTX intra-arterially following which serial blood and interstitial fluid samples were collected for 3 h and measured for MTX by an HPLC ...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002800050518

    authors: Devineni D,Klein-Szanto A,Gallo JM

    更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00

  • Interaction of sorafenib and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in patients with advanced melanoma: a phase I/II pharmacokinetic interaction study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:In vitro data indicate that the sorafenib is a moderate inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, including CYP3A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6. This phase I/II study in patients with advanced melanoma evaluated the potential effect of sorafenib on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam, omeprazole, and dextromethorpha...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-011-1585-0

    authors: Flaherty KT,Lathia C,Frye RF,Schuchter L,Redlinger M,Rosen M,O'Dwyer PJ

    更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00

  • Pharmacokinetic studies of 9-nitrocamptothecin on intermittent and continuous schedules of administration in patients with solid tumors.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Oral administration of 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC), and the formation of its metabolite 9-aminocamptothecin (9AC), may be associated with high interpatient and intrapatient variability. Therefore, we evaluated the plasma pharmacokinetics and urine recovery of 9NC administered on three different schedules as part ...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-004-0835-9

    authors: Jung LL,Ramanathan RK,Egorin MJ,Jin R,Belani CP,Potter DM,Strychor S,Trump DL,Walko C,Fakih M,Zamboni WC

    更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00

  • Efficacy and safety of irinotecan monotherapy as third-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Although irinotecan monotherapy is often used in third-line treatment after the failure of taxanes in Japanese clinical practice, its survival benefit is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of irinotecan monotherapy as third-line treatment. METHODS:Clinical data from ...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-016-3138-z

    authors: Kawakami T,Machida N,Yasui H,Kawahira M,Kawai S,Kito Y,Yoshida Y,Hamauchi S,Tsushima T,Todaka A,Yokota T,Yamazaki K,Fukutomi A,Onozawa Y

    更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00

  • Phase 1 study of new formulation of patritumab (U3-1287) Process 2, a fully human anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody in combination with erlotinib in Japanese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:This phase 1 study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of patritumab (U3-1287) Process 2, a new formulation of fully human anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody in combination with erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptortyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) in prior chemotherapy t...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-016-3231-3

    authors: Shimizu T,Yonesaka K,Hayashi H,Iwasa T,Haratani K,Yamada H,Ohwada S,Kamiyama E,Nakagawa K

    更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00

  • In vitro phase II comparison of the cytotoxicity of a novel platinum analog, nedaplatin (254-S), with that of cisplatin and carboplatin against fresh, human ovarian cancers.

    abstract:PURPOSE:To compare the in vitro cytotoxicity of nedaplatin, an investigational platinum analog, with that of the standard platinum agents, cisplatin and carboplatin, against fresh human, epithelial ovarian cancers. METHODS:The Hamburger-Salmon human tumor colony-forming assay (HTCA) was used to measure the chemosensit...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002800050604

    authors: Alberts DS,Fanta PT,Running KL,Adair LP Jr,Garcia DJ,Liu-Stevens R,Salmon SE

    更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00

  • Evodiamine inhibits the migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro via repressing MMP-2 expression.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Evodiamine is one of active alkaloids isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham and has various pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated its effects on the migration, invasion, and associated mechanism in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. METHODS:Cell ...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-015-2902-9

    authors: Peng X,Zhang Q,Zeng Y,Li J,Wang L,Ai P

    更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00

  • Effect of cyclosporine coadministration on the pharmacokinetics of eltrombopag in healthy volunteers.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Eltrombopag is indicated in patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) refractory to prior immunosuppressive therapy. The combination of eltrombopag and immunosuppressive therapy (such as cyclosporine) is currently being evaluated in patients with treatment-naive SAA. Cyclosporine is a human breast cancer resis...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1007/s00280-018-3677-6

    authors: Aslanis V,Zhang J,Lomeli B,Grosch K,Ouatas T

    更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00

  • Population pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab in cancer patients with external validation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Bevacizumab is approved for various cancers. This analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate bevacizumab pharmacokinetics and the influence of patient variables on bevacizumab pharmacokinetics. METHODS:Rich and sparse bevacizumab serum concentrations were collected from Phase I through IV studies in early a...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-016-3079-6

    authors: Han K,Peyret T,Marchand M,Quartino A,Gosselin NH,Girish S,Allison DE,Jin J

    更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00

  • 6-ethylmercaptopurine-mediated growth inhibition of HL-60 cells in vitro irrespective of purine salvage.

    abstract::A variety of purine analogs inhibit the growth and induce the differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells that lack the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). Mechanisms by which purine analogs induce differentiation offer unique potential for cancer chemotherap...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF00689581

    authors: Gibboney DS,French BT,Patrick DE,Trewyn RW

    更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00

  • Phase II study of single-agent etoposide in patients with metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

    abstract::A total of 26 evaluable patients presenting with advanced or metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus were entered in a phase II trial to assess the single-agent activity of etoposide. Etoposide was given at a dose of 200 mg/m2 on 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks. Five patients (19%) achieved a partial resp...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/BF00685952

    authors: Harstrick A,Bokemeyer C,Preusser P,Köhne-Wömpner CH,Meyer HJ,Stahl M,Knipp H,Schmoll HJ,Wilke H

    更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00

  • Mass balance, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of linsitinib in cancer patients.

    abstract:PURPOSE:This study characterized the pharmacokinetics, mass balance, routes and extent of elimination, metabolites, and safety of a single oral dose of (14)C-linsitinib, an IGF-1R/IR inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. The tolerability of linsitinib after multiple-dose administration was assessed in thos...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-016-2999-5

    authors: Poondru S,Chaves J,Yuen G,Parker B,Conklin E,Singh M,Nagata M,Gill S

    更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00

  • Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduced apoptosis and attenuated intestinal mucositis in a 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy model in mice.

    abstract:PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between changes in IL-1β expression and intestinal apoptosis after chemotherapy. And we further determine whether interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) reduces apoptosis in vivo after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy in the small intestine. METHO...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-010-1451-5

    authors: Wu ZQ,Han XD,Wang Y,Yuan KL,Jin ZM,Di JZ,Yan J,Pan Y,Zhang P,Huang XY,Wang ZG,Zheng Q

    更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00

  • Low folate conditions may enhance the interaction of trifluorothymidine with antifolates in colon cancer cells.

    abstract:PURPOSE:Trifluorothymidine (TFT) is a fluoropyrimidine that is part of the novel combination metabolite TAS-102, in which TFT is combined with a potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI). TAS-102 is currently tested as an orally chemotherapeutic agent in different schedules in a phase I study. In its monophosphate...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-005-0033-4

    authors: Temmink OH,Hoogeland MF,Fukushima M,Peters GJ

    更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00

  • A phase I clinical trial of FOLFIRI in combination with the pan-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor flavopiridol.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol increases irinotecan- and fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. We conducted a phase I trial of FOLFIRI + flavopiridol in patients with advanced solid tumors. DESIGN:FOLFIRI + flavopiridol were administered every 2 weeks. Based on sequence-dependent inhibition, f...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-010-1269-1

    authors: Dickson MA,Shah MA,Rathkopf D,Tse A,Carvajal RD,Wu N,Lefkowitz RA,Gonen M,Cane LM,Dials HJ,Schwartz GK

    更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00

  • Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of 5-fluorouracil administered by 5-day continuous infusion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

    abstract:PURPOSE:In this study the maximum tolerated dose of 5-fluorouracil administered by 5-day (120-h) continuous infusion every 4 weeks was investigated and the pharmacokinetics in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were evaluated. METHODS:Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma no longer amenable to established forms o...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s00280-001-0400-8

    authors: Ueno H,Okada S,Okusaka T,Ikeda M,Kuriyama H

    更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00

  • Primary treatment of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using an all oral anthracycline-containing regimen, chlorambucil, idarubicin, dexamethasone (CID)--a phase II study.

    abstract:PURPOSE:The majority of patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (LGNHL) are in the older age groups and are thus less able to tolerate aggressive treatment. Chlorambucil, alone and in combination, has been widely accepted as the initial treatment of choice for many years. The availability of an anthracycline whi...

    journal_title:Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology

    pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi:10.1007/s002800000124

    authors: Taylor PR,Jackson GH,Galloway MJ,Soukop M,Tinegate H,Angus B,Proctor SJ

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00