Abstract:
STUDY OBJECTIVE:The study aimed to examine the concurrence in the variation of monthly numbers of deaths in summer and winter from the four main underlying causes - respiratory, circulatory, neoplastic, and all others - in four countries. In particular, the hypothesis that most non-respiratory concurrent deaths are miscoded respiratory deaths and that a large proportion of the winter mortality currently attributed to circulatory disorders should be attributed to respiratory causes was considered. DESIGN:Mortality data were analysed graphically in relation to cause. Each of the four series of monthly data underwent time series analysis to remove auto-correlation, seasonality, and secular trends. Associations between paired causes of death and between multiple series (using Kendall's coefficient of concordance) were then examined after modelling. SETTING:Monthly deaths (65 years and over) related to underlying cause were examined for England and Wales (nine years), The Netherlands (nine years), Denmark (10 years), and Portugal (10 years - all ages). Weekly data for England and Wales (51 weeks) were also analysed. MAIN RESULTS:All combinations of monthly deaths related to underlying cause were strongly associated in all four countries. This concurrence was evident down to the lowest monthly values so that all seasonally related deaths above the minimum monthly value can be used as an estimate of the "concurrent" proportion. Associations involving deaths from neoplasm were weakest. Concurrence was evident even on a weekly analysis (England and Wales). Concurrent deaths in England and Wales accounted for 31.1% of respiratory, 16.0% of circulatory, 3.5% of neoplastic, 14.1% of deaths from other causes and 14.2% for all deaths combined. The equivalent percentages for concurrent deaths from all causes were 8.4% in the Netherlands, 9.3% in Denmark, and 16.8% in Portugal. CONCLUSIONS:Concurrence, which was present in each of the underlying causal groups in each of the four national data sets examined, suggests a common cause separate from the underlying cause that has been used in the presentation of mortality statistics. If the person concerned had not died at that time, as a result of this cause, he would not have died from the recorded underlying cause. Most of these non-respiratory concurrent deaths are miscoded. As a consequence, a large proportion of winter mortality currently attributed to circulatory disorders should be attributed to other causes, probably respiratory. More intensive research into the contribution made by acute respiratory diseases is proposed. The proportion of concurrent deaths varied in the four countries thereby limiting the validity of simple comparisons of national mortality statistics.
journal_name
J Epidemiol Community Healthjournal_title
Journal of epidemiology and community healthauthors
Crombie DL,Fleming DM,Cross KW,Lancashire RJdoi
10.1136/jech.49.4.373subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-08-01 00:00:00pages
373-8issue
4eissn
0143-005Xissn
1470-2738journal_volume
49pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Social inequality in ischaemic heart disease has been related to socioeconomic position in childhood, early adulthood and late adulthood. However, the impact of relative level of accumulated income periods across adult life course and the potential gender and age differences have not been investigated. The a...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2018-212043
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this paper is to give an overview and comparison of different easily applicable statistical techniques to analyse recurrent event data. SETTING:These techniques include naive techniques and longitudinal techniques such as Cox regression for recurrent events, generalised estimating equati...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2004.030759
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The following essay outlines the intervention and presents a framework that will serve as a guide in the evaluation of the different effects of the Superblocks. Superblocks consist of amalgamations of blocks throughout the city, with the goal of improving the habitability of public spaces, advancing sustainable mobili...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jech-2018-211738
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A world divided by health inequalities poses ethical challenges for global health. International and national responses to health disparities must be rooted in ethical values about health and its distribution; this is because ethical claims have the power to motivate, delineate principles, duties and respons...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2005.041947
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess evidence for residential mobility in childhood having an adverse association with health outcomes through the life course. METHODS:A systematic search of medical and social sciences literature was undertaken to identify research defining residential mobility as an independent variable and in which ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jech.2007.060103
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A population based programme to educate women in breast self-examination (BSE) was organised as part of the UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer. Women who responded to an invitation to a meeting were educated in groups and were not routinely screened. Open access clinics offered x ray and clinical examination...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.40.1.67
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Two main theoretical models have been used to assess the impact of psychosocial work factors on blood pressure (BP): the demand-control (DC) model and the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model. Previous studies have mostly used a single time point exposure to examine this association. OBJECTIVE:To examine the...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2014-204914
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aims of this study are to generalise the concept of gap length between partners and to estimate the duration of four types of measures for heterosexual partnerships, called status lengths: (1) time spent as single before becoming monogamous (S-M, positive gap), (2) duration of concurrency before monogamy...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2008.085936
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This study investigated the impact of the Healthy Housing Programme in reducing acute hospitalisations in South Auckland, New Zealand. The programme involved house modifications to reduce overcrowding, insulation and ventilation improvements, and health and social service assessments, referrals and linkages....
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2009.107441
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To evaluate an intervention designed to curtail an outbreak of hepatitis A among gay men, especially the young and sexually active, by promoting their free vaccination. DESIGN:The study analysed routine passive surveillance data, carried out questionnaire and serological surveys of vaccinees, and surve...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.55.4.251
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:This study examined the prevalence of body dissatisfaction as a function of individual level and neighbourhood level indicators of affluence. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING:A subset of data from a larger random digit dialling telephone survey was used to obtain individual level data on body dissatisfaction, ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.56.3.193
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:The aim was to estimate the likely burden of cervical cancer in New Zealand over the next two decades, according to whether cervical screening services are made more effective. DESIGN:The study was based on national mortality and incidence data for the periods 1954-87 and 1954-86, respectively. An age-...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.46.4.373
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) is a new programme designed to reduce disease burden to the individual and economic burden to the society of common mental health problems (CMHP). This is the first study to look at the impact of IAPT on health service utilisation and sickness absence using ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2011.139873
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the degree to which the proportion of homicides and suicides committed with a gun is associated with reported availability of firearms across Chicago neighbourhoods. METHODS:Data were collected as part of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), a combined neighbourhood ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2005.039149
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This study examined the prospective association of workplace social capital (WSC) with major depressive episode (MDE) among Japanese employees. METHODS:A 3-year prospective cohort study was conducted among 1058 employees from a private think-tank company who participated in a baseline survey; after excludin...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2016-208561
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare states, policy innovation often takes the form of 'social investment', a contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and job-finding services, early childh...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2018-211283
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To estimate the incidence of occupational asthma seen by respiratory and occupational physicians in the UK in 1989 and 1990. DESIGN:New cases of occupational asthma were taken from a national reporting scheme, the Surveillance of Work-related and Occupational Respiratory Disease Project (SWORD). Estima...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.47.6.459
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Age-specific death from cardiovascular disease among Australian Aboriginals is estimated to be four to seven times that of general population, and the major cause of premature death. There is little reliable information on the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study compares CHD event rates in ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2009.098343
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders are common diseases, but little is known about familial clustering in these diseases. This is, to our knowledge, the first systematic family study carried out on these diseases. METHODS:Familial risks for siblings who were hospitalised for nerve, nerve root and plexus ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.046615
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent review of the literature identified several common methodological weaknesses in studies of the effects of occupational exposures on male and female reproductive processes. This paper suggests a strategy which addresses these problems, by the use of a standard method. The potential benefits include increased m...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.42.3.209
更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is now recommended irrespective of CD4 count. However data on the relationship between CD4 count at ART initiation and loss to follow-up (LTFU) are limited and conflicting. METHODS:We conducted a cohort analysis including all adults initiating ART (2008-2012) at three...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206629
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the relative admission rates of Asian and non-Asian patients to intensive therapy units (ITUs) in Coventry and to explore the implications of these rates for the transplantation of organs to Asian people. DESIGN:Examination of 1991 census data and a retrospective review of ITU admissions books. ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.50.4.447
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To investigate the association between perceptions of neighbourhood physical and social characteristics and three health outcomes (self assessed health status, chronic conditions, and emotional distress). DESIGN:Cross sectional survey data analysed in small neighbourhoods. SETTING:Hamilton, Ontario, C...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2003.014308
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exposure to childhood household dysfunction increases the risk of psychiatric morbidity. Although school performance also has been linked with psychiatric morbidity, limited research has considered school performance as a mediating factor. To address this gap in the literature, the current register study exa...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206329
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This study examines the contribution of lifetime smoking habit to the socioeconomic gradient in all-cause and smoking-related mortality and in cardiovascular incidence in two countries. METHODS:10,600 men aged 50-59 years were examined in 1991-4 in centres in Northern Ireland and France and followed annuall...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2010.123943
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To examine the effect of deprivation, crowding, maternal smoking, and breast feeding on morbidity from wheeze and diarrhoea in the first six months after birth. DESIGN:A geographically located population survey using maternal responses on self completion questionnaires. SETTING:The three health distri...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.52.7.451
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the short term health effects of improving housing. DESIGN:Randomised to waiting list. SETTING:119 council owned houses in south Devon, UK. PARTICIPANTS:About 480 residents of these houses. INTERVENTION:Upgrading houses (including central heating, ventilation, rewiring, insulation, and re-roofin...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2006.048462
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The feasibility of conducting postmarketing drug surveillance by record linkage in Tayside was assessed. The key feature of the method is that all hospital discharge data are already computerised by the area health board and may be accessed through the unique community health number (CHNo) which has been allocated to ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.38.3.226
更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Records in the obstetric wards and nurseries of 18 hospitals were reviewed and studied epidemiologically, covering about 210,000 deliveries and 1000 cases of neural tube defects (NTD). All live and still births occurred in the period 1970-84. Following the NTD classification used by Koch (1984), our case series consis...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.41.3.259
更新日期:1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:To assess the effect of the Demerit Point System (DPS), introduced in Spain on 1 July 2006, on the number of fatalities due to road traffic accidents, using a methodology that controls for the seasonal variation and trend in the data series. METHODS:Time-series analysis by ARIMA models of 29 113 fatalities ...
journal_title:Journal of epidemiology and community health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jech.2008.082461
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00