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The role of seed appendage in improving the adaptation of a species in definite seasons: a case study of Atriplex centralasiatica.

Abstract：

BACKGROUND:As a common accompanying dispersal structure, specialized seed appendages play a critical role in the successful germination and dispersal of many plants, and are regarded as an adaptation character for plants survival in diverse environments. However, little is known about how the appendages modulate the linkage between germination and environmental factors. Here, we tested the responses of germination to seasonal environmental signals (temperature and humidity) via seed appendages using Atriplex centralasiatica, which is widely distributed in salt marshlands with dry-cold winter in northern China. Three types of heteromorphic diaspores that differ in morphology of persistent bracteole and dormancy levels are produced in an individual plant of A. centralasiatica. RESULTS:Except for the nondormant diaspore (type A, with a brown seed enclosed in a persistent bracteole), bracteoles regulated inner seed dormancy of the other two dormant diaspore types, i.e., type B (flat diaspore with a black inner seed) and type C (globular diaspore with a black inner seed). For types B and C, germination of bracteole-free seeds was higher than that of intact diaspores, and was limited severely when incubated in the bracteole-soaking solution. Dormancy was released at a low temperature (< 10 °C) and suitable humidity (5-15%) condition. Oppositely, high temperature and unfit humidity induced secondary dormancy via inhibitors released by bracteoles. Type C with deeper dormancy needed more stringent conditions for dormancy release and was easier for dormancy inducement than type B. The germination windows were broadened and the time needed for dormancy release decreased after the bracteole flushing for the two dormant types in the field condition. CONCLUSIONS:Bracteoles determine the germination adaptation by bridging seeds and environmental signals and promising seedlings establishment only in proper seasons, which may also restrict species geographical distribution and shift species distributing ranges under the global climate change scenarios.

journal_name

BMC Plant Biol

journal_title

BMC plant biology

authors

Wang Z,Zhao Y,Zhang Y,Zhao B,Yang Z,Dong L

doi

10.1186/s12870-019-2090-6

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-12-04 00:00:00

pages

538

issue

issn

1471-2229

pii

10.1186/s12870-019-2090-6

journal_volume

pub_type

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The role of seed appendage in improving the adaptation of a species in definite seasons: a case study of Atriplex centralasiatica.