Abstract:
:I focus on the crucial links between the discovery of nonhuman primates by Westerners, discussions on our place in nature, the chain of being, racism, and the history of primate comparative anatomy and of so-called "anatomical human racial studies." Strikingly, for more than a millennium humans knew more about the internal anatomy of a single monkey species than about that of their own bodies. This is because Galen used monkeys to infer human anatomy, in line with the human-animal continuity implied by the Greek notion of scala naturae. With the rise of Christianity, nonhuman primates were increasingly seen in a negative way. A more positive view emerged in the 14th century when nonhuman primates were directly studied/seen by Europeans, culminating in Tyson's 1699 work showing that chimps share more gross anatomical similarities with humans than with monkeys. However, the discomfort caused by this human-chimp similarity then led to a new idea of animal-human discontinuity, now related not to anatomy but to "civilization": between Europeans vs. non-Europeans + other primates. Moreover, Linnaeus' Systema Naturae and the emergence of "anatomical racial studies" influenced by Camper's craniology then led to even more extreme ideas, such as the notion that Europeans were both mentally and morphologically "ideal." Unfortunately the biased and often incorrect "results" of such studies, combined with ideas based on Darwin's "struggle for survival", became crucial in propaganda that lead to the rise of eugenics in the end of the 19th/first half of 20th centuries and that culminated in Nazism. Since the 1950s there has been an emphasis on the continuity/unity between all human groups and other primates, in great part influenced by what happened during World War 2. Reviews such as this one are, therefore, particularly necessary to illuminate and guard against attitudes against "the Other" and racist ideologies that are re-emerging in modern political discourse across the globe.
journal_name
J Morpholjournal_title
Journal of morphologyauthors
Diogo Rdoi
10.1002/jmor.20783subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-04-01 00:00:00pages
472-493issue
4eissn
0362-2525issn
1097-4687journal_volume
279pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Non-innervated macrotrichia and microtrichia, thick-walled chemoreceptors and three kinds of thin-walled chemoreceptors are present on the antennal flagellum of Frenesia missa. One of the thin-walled receptors, the plate organ, is of a type not previously recorded for any insect. About four times as many plate organs ...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051350309
更新日期:1971-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paired tubular accessory glands in Haemaphysalis longicornis open at the junction of the cervical and the vestibular parts of vagina via short and narrow ducts. The pseudostratified columnar glandular epithelium covered by the muscle layer consists of both secretory and supporting cells. As feeding proceeds, the s...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1052210105
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serial sections were used to map the ventrally positioned neurons of the anterior nerve cord of a 12.5-day amphioxus larva from the infundibular region to the end of somite 2. Synaptic patterns reveal five categories of descending pathways, four of which are associated with the ventral compartment (VC) motoneurons res...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10114
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The different elements of the caudal skeleton of the South American catfish genera Nematogenys (Nematogenyinae) and Trichomycterus, Hatcheria, and Bullockia (Pygidiinae) (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) show Ontogenetic transformation of the second ural centrum in Trichomycteridae separates the subfamilies Nematogenyi...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051770208
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sceloporus aeneus exhibits reproductive bimodality. That is, one taxon (Sceloporus aeneus bicanthalis) is viviparous whereas the other (Sceloporus aeneus aeneus) is oviparous. Morphological differences in luteal and oviductal structure were examined. Oviparous and viviparous females have distinct corpora lutea that fo...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051840109
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examines the allometric scaling relationships of the cetacean humerus, radius, and ulna. Bone lengths and diameters were measured for 20 species of odontocete and three species of mysticete cetaceans, representing eight of the nine extant cetacean families. The scaling of individual bone proportions (bone l...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1052220208
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nuclear and cytoplasmic volume changes as well as the elimination of residual spermatid cytoplasm were investigated in the red-ear turtle (Pseudemys scripta) and the rooster (Gallus domesticus). Nuclei of newly formed spermatids which were originally centrally located became eccentrically located within the cell in bo...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051980110
更新日期:1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gross lung morphology is examined in representative species from four genera within the order Lagomorpha (Lepus californicus, Sylvilagus nuttalli, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Ochotona princeps), and compared with a representative rodent out-group (Spermophilus richardonsii). Examination of pulmonary morphology reveals seve...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199612)230:3<299::AID-JMOR
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The morphology of the spermatozoon of representative species of the subfamily Nesomyinae (Muroidea: Nesomyidae), a monophyletic group of rodents endemic to Madagascar, was examined by light and electron microscopy to determine the sperm head shape and tail length across the species. Marked interspecific differences we...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10889
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated muscle development in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, focusing primarily on the cranial muscles, using a whole mount immunohistochemical staining method. It is well established that during the very early stages of morphogenesis, until 4 days post hatching (dph), muscles required for feedi...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10833
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The vascular system of the digits of the tokay is more complex than has hitherto been suspected and has a configuration which suggests it is intimately involved in the process of adhesion. Distinction can be made between lamellae (expanded scales beneath the proximal portion of the digit) and scansors (elaborations of...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051690305
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Puerto Rican tree frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, has internal fertilization and direct development on land. In light of these reproductive adaptations, the events of fertilization and early development were studied. Cytological examination of just-fertilized eggs showed that sperm entry is restricted to about 10% ...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051930208
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article presents a detailed description and illustration of the skull of Liotyphlops albirostris in comparison to the skulls of Typhlophis squamosus, Leptotyphlops dulcis, and Typhlops jamaicensis, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT). The skull of T. squamosus is illustrated and discussed i...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10703
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sea urchin adoral tube feet are highly specialized organs that have evolved to provide efficient attachment to the substratum. They consist of a disk and a stem that together form a functional unit. Tube foot disk tenacity (adhesive force per unit area) and stem mechanical properties (e.g., stiffness) vary between spe...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.11004
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Light and electron microscopy reveal that simple receptor cells in the jaw epithelium of sea urchin pedicellariae are connected by nerve tracts to the neuropile that coordinates jaw movements. The muscles responsible for jaw opening and closure and for flexion of the stem are all innervated in this neuropile. At least...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051930105
更新日期:1987-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sharpness and thus information content of the retinal image in the eye depends on the optical quality of the lens and its accurate positioning in the eye. Multifocal lenses create well-focused color images and are present in the eyes of all vertebrate groups studied to date (mammals, reptiles including birds, amph...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10849
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structure of the thumus in adult specimens of a marine teleost, the cling fish Sicyases sanguineus, has been studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Most cling fishes have an outer thymus located beneath the opercular epithelium. A few of them, however, have a large inner thymus besides a poorly dev...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051770103
更新日期:1983-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Large pinnae are characteristic of the Leporids, and the pinna is known to have a thermoregulatory role. Another role has been hypothesized for the pinna of Lepus spp., as a part of a suspensory system for the greater portion of the head, absorbing shock that might otherwise interfere with vision during high-speed loc...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10825
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe the cranial ontogeny of an australidelphian marsupial, Dasyurus albopunctatus, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. We examined in detail qualitative morphological changes of just-weaned individuals as compared to old adults; specifically, changes in 31 morphological structures (...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10420
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to clarify the general architecture and morphological variations of the autonomic cardiac nervous system (ACNS) in the African Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), and to discuss the evolutionary changes between this system in African/Asian Cercopithecidae and humans. A detailed macroscop...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10549
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::High speed cinematography was used to record the feeding activities of terrestrial Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum. A description of these activities based on films of more than 50 feeding sequences is presented, and the mechanical units involved are defined, described, and functionally analyzed. Evolutionary implica...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051470203
更新日期:1975-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The female reproductive system of Sphaerodema rusticum consists of a pair of ovaries, two lateral oviducts, a median common oviduct, and a median spermatheca. Accessory glands are absent. Each ovary has five free ovarioles branching from the oviduct. Each ovariole consists of a terminal filament, germarium, vitellariu...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1052050207
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ultrastructural observations and glyoxilic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines indicate that tracts of axons lie at the base of the ciliary bands and run throughout their length in bipinnaria and brachiolaria larvae of Pisaster ochraceus. Two types of nerve cells occur at regular intervals within the ciliary b...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051780103
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two free-living marine euplotid ciliates, Pseudodiophrys nigricans and Diophrys japonica, collected from the coastal waters off Qingdao, northern China, were investigated using live observations and protargol impregnation methods. The cortical development of P. nigricans was observed during binary division. Although i...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.20097
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::According to the current opinion, lymph-heart striated muscle represents a specialized type of skeletal muscles in frogs. Here, we studied muscle fibers in mechanically damaged lymph hearts during the first postoperative week using electron-microscopic autoradiography. We present evidence that both, the satellite cell...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.20476
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Forty-eight species of oribatids in 37 families representing most of the superfamilies were collected from various environments (littoral, salt marsh, litter, sod, and freshwater) and sectioned. 2. The coxal gland is composed of a sacculus and a labyrinth in all stages of all oribatid species. Muscles, originating ...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051390404
更新日期:1973-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the spermatocytes of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum contain an abundance of Golgi complexes, ribosomes, specialized membranous organelles, and long strands of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. These organelles remain abundant until the early spermatid stage of sperm developm...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1052030303
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Homolid crabs (Hypsophrys) from water deeper than 700 m in the Straits of Florida and Arabian Sea have smooth darkened oval spots contrasting with the surrounding roughened integument on inner and outer surfaces of each pincer at the base of the fixed finger. Cuticle is thinner over these spots than over surrounaing t...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051500407
更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Complete postorbital bars, bony arches that encompass the lateral aspect of the eye and form part of a circular orbit, have evolved homoplastically multiple times during mammalian evolution. Numerous functional hypotheses have been advanced for postorbital bars, the most promising being that postorbital bars function ...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.10334
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allografts of skin were observed in Chelydra serpentina. The response to these grafts was modified by a previous transplantation of a limb bud at an early embryonic stage. When the same donor was used for all transplants, the first skin graft was accepted by the host. A second skin graft, however, was rejected at abou...
journal_title:Journal of morphology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/jmor.1051440407
更新日期:1974-12-01 00:00:00