Abstract:
:The appearance and shape of sesamoid bones within a tendon or ligament wrapping around a joint are understood to be influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors. Ostriches (Struthio camelus) possess two sesamoid patellae (kneecaps), one of which (the distal patella) is unique to their lineage, making them a good model for investigating sesamoid tissue development and evolution. Here we used finite-element modelling to test the hypothesis that specific mechanical cues in the ostrich patellar tendon favour the formation of multiple patellae. Using three-dimensional models that allow application of loading conditions in which all muscles, or only distal or only proximal muscles to be activated, we found that there were multiple regions within the tendon where transformation from soft tissue to fibrocartilage was favourable and therefore a potential for multiple patellae based solely upon mechanical stimuli. While more studies are needed to better understand universal mechanobiological principles as well as full developmental processes, our findings suggest that a tissue differentiation algorithm using shear strain and compressive strain as inputs may be a roughly effective predictor of the tissue differentiation required for sesamoid development.
journal_name
R Soc Open Scijournal_title
Royal Society open scienceauthors
Chadwick KP,Shefelbine SJ,Pitsillides AA,Hutchinson JRdoi
10.1098/rsos.170133subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-06-07 00:00:00pages
170133issue
6issn
2054-5703pii
rsos170133journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章abstract::In the centuries since the enlightenment, the world has seen an increase in socioeconomic development, measured as increased life expectancy, education, economic development and democracy. While the co-occurrence of these features among nations is well documented, little is known about their origins or co-evolution. H...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.190725
更新日期:2020-02-12 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this article is to present an analytical method, namely the improved F-expansion method combined with the Riccati equation, for finding exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. The present method is capable of calculating all branches of solutions simultaneously, even if multiple solutions are ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.140038
更新日期:2014-10-08 00:00:00
abstract::In plants, plant fructokinases (FRKs) are considered to be the main gateway of fructose metabolism as they can phosphorylate fructose to fructose-6-phosphate. Chinese white pears (Pyrus bretschneideri) are one of the popular fruits in the world market; sugar content is an important factor affecting the quality of the ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.171463
更新日期:2018-07-18 00:00:00
abstract::Ligninolytic enzymes, including laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP), have attracted much attention in the degradation of contaminants. Genes of Lac (1827 bp), MnP (1134 bp) and LiP (1119 bp) were cloned from Aspergillus sp. TS-A, and the recombinant Lac (69 kDa), MnP (45 kDa) and LiP ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.200688
更新日期:2020-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::Although cooperatively breeding vertebrates occur disproportionately in unpredictable environments, the underlying mechanism shaping this biogeographic pattern remains unclear. Cooperative breeding may buffer against harsh conditions (hard life hypothesis), or additionally allow for sustained breeding under benign con...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.172406
更新日期:2018-02-21 00:00:00
abstract::Racing pigeons are exposed to and act as carriers of diseases. Dietary protein requirement for their maintenance has not been determined experimentally despite their being domesticated for over 7000 years. A maintenance nitrogen (protein) requirement (MNR) for pigeons was determined in a balance study using diets cont...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150408
更新日期:2016-03-23 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient indicators for the growth of crops, and is closely related to the chlorophyll content of leaves and thus influences the photosynthetic ability of the crops. In this study, five hybrid rice varieties were cultivated during one entire growing period in one experimental fiel...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.191132
更新日期:2019-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::The shapes of vertebrate teeth are often used as hallmarks of diet. Here, however, we demonstrate evidence of frequent piscivory by cartilaginous fishes with pebble-like teeth that are typically associated with durophagy, the eating of hard-shelled prey. High-resolution micro-computed tomography observation of a jaw s...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170674
更新日期:2017-09-06 00:00:00
abstract::Leafcutting bees (Megachile: Megachilidae) cut leaves from various trees, shrubs, wildflowers and grasses to partition and encase brood cells in hollow plant stems, decaying logs or in the ground. The identification of preferred plant species via morphological characters of the leaf fragments is challenging and direct...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150623
更新日期:2016-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally recognized that dimethylformamide (DMF) and ethanol are good media to uniformly disperse graphene, and therefore have been used widely in the preparation of epoxy/graphene nanocomposites. However, as a solvent to disperse graphene, dichlorobenzene (DCB) has not been fully realized by the polymer commun...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170778
更新日期:2017-10-11 00:00:00
abstract::The study of the evolution of abiotic niches can be informative regarding the speciation drivers in a given group. Yet, two factors that could potentially affect niche evolution have seldom been addressed concomitantly, which are biotic interactions and geographical isolation. In this study, we used as a model group t...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170293
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Under the current amphibian biodiversity crisis, common species provide an opportunity to measure population dynamics across a wide range of environmental conditions while examining the processes that determine abundance and structure geographical ranges. Studying species at their range limits also provides a window f...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.182192
更新日期:2019-06-12 00:00:00
abstract::Ants build complex nest structures by reacting to simple, local stimuli. While underground nests result from the space generated by digging, some leaf- and grass-cutting ants also construct conspicuous aboveground turrets around nest openings. We investigated whether the selection of specific building materials occurs...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.201312
更新日期:2020-10-14 00:00:00
abstract::Sexual signals often compromise camouflage because of their conspicuousness. Pigmentation patterns, on the contrary, aid in camouflage. It was hypothesized that a particular type of pattern-barred plumage in birds, whereby pigmented bars extend across feathers-could simultaneously signal individual quality, because di...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.160195
更新日期:2016-05-04 00:00:00
abstract::In this article, we construct a generalization of the Blum-François Beta-splitting model for evolutionary trees, which was itself inspired by Aldous' Beta-splitting model on cladograms. The novelty of our approach allows for asymmetric shares of diversification rates (or diversification 'potential') between two sister...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.160016
更新日期:2016-05-11 00:00:00
abstract::Microbes living in stagnant water typically rely on chemical diffusion to draw nutrients from their environment. The sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thiovulum majus and the ciliate Uronemella have independently evolved the ability to form a 'veil', a centimetre-scale mucous sheet on which cells organize to produce a macros...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150437
更新日期:2015-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::Here, we describe the odobenid Nanodobenus arandai gen. et sp. nov., based on a nearly complete left mandible from the mid to late Miocene Tortugas Formation in Baja California Sur. Nanodobenus is distinguished among odobenids by displaying a unique combination of plesiomorphic and derived characters, such as narrow m...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.180423
更新日期:2018-08-08 00:00:00
abstract::When addressing their young infants, parents systematically modify their speech. Such infant-directed speech (IDS) contains exaggerated vowel formants, which have been proposed to foster language development via articulation of more distinct speech sounds. Here, this assumption is rigorously tested using both acoustic...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170306
更新日期:2017-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::The rapid rise of the CO2 level in the atmosphere has spurred the development of CO2 capture methods such as the use of biomimetic complexes that mimic carbonic anhydrase. In this study, model complexes with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) were synthesized using various transition metals (Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+) to cont...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.190407
更新日期:2019-08-07 00:00:00
abstract::Patient-specific modelling of haemodynamics in arterial networks has so far relied on parameter estimation for inexpensive or small-scale models. We describe here a Bayesian uncertainty quantification framework which makes two major advances: an efficient parallel implementation, allowing parameter estimation for more...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.182229
更新日期:2019-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181113.]. ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1098/rsos.190045
更新日期:2019-01-30 00:00:00
abstract::At present, many modification methods have been proposed to improve the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). In this study, tests on the compressive strength and damping properties of modified RAC with the addition of different proportions of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) (0, 50, 100%), rubber powder (1...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.190813
更新日期:2019-12-04 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, recent progress in graphic statics is combined with Williot displacement diagrams to create a graphical description of both statics and kinematics for two- and three-dimensional pin-jointed trusses. We begin with reciprocal form and force diagrams. The force diagram is dissected into its component cells...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170202
更新日期:2017-05-24 00:00:00
abstract::Compared with other phylogenetic groups, self-fertilization (selfing) is exceedingly rare in vertebrates and is known to occur only in one small clade of fishes. Here we report observing one F1-hybrid individual that developed into a functional hermaphrodite after crossing two closely-related sexually reproducing spec...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150684
更新日期:2016-03-23 00:00:00
abstract::In the aftermath of a flood, fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, cluster into temporary encampments. The encampments can contain hundreds of thousands of ants and reach over 30 ants high. How do ants build such tall structures without being crushed? In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we investigate the sh...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.170475
更新日期:2017-07-12 00:00:00
abstract::Assisted ultrasonic vibration technology has received great interest in the past few years for petroleum and mining engineering related to hard rock breaking. Understanding the fatigue behaviour and damage characteristics of rock subject to ultra-high-frequency loading is vital for its application. In this research, w...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.200091
更新日期:2020-04-22 00:00:00
abstract::Interlocutors converge on names to refer to entities. For example, a speaker might refer to a novel looking object as the jellyfish and, once identified, the listener will too. The hypothesized mechanism behind such referential precedents is a subject of debate. The common ground view claims that listeners register th...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.160827
更新日期:2017-02-08 00:00:00
abstract::In recent decades, the world has experienced rates of urban growth unparalleled in any other period of history and this growth is shaping the environment in which an increasing proportion of us live. In this paper, we use a longitudinal dataset from Foursquare, a location-based social network, to analyse urban growth ...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150688
更新日期:2016-04-27 00:00:00
abstract::The vast majority of species within the lanternshark genus Etmopterus harbour complex luminescent markings on their flanks, whose functional significance has long remained obscure. Recent studies, however, suggest these enigmatic photophore aggregations to play a role in intraspecific communication. Using visual model...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsos.150219
更新日期:2015-07-29 00:00:00
abstract::We review the current state of knowledge of magnetic fields inside stars, concentrating on recent developments concerning magnetic fields in stably stratified (zones of) stars, leaving out convective dynamo theories and observations of convective envelopes. We include the observational properties of A, B and O-type ma...
journal_title:Royal Society open science
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1098/rsos.160271
更新日期:2017-02-22 00:00:00