Human gammadelta T cell recognition of lipid A is predominately presented by CD1b or CD1c on dendritic cells.

abstract：BACKGROUND:In the presence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the concepts of lineage and genealogy in the microbial world become more ambiguous because chimeric genomes trace their ancestry from a myriad of sources, both living and extinct. RESULTS:We present the evolutionary histories of three aminoacyl-tRNA synthet...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Andam CP,Gogarten JP

更新日期：2011-09-23 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:In eukaryotes, RNA interference (RNAi) is a major mechanism of defense against viruses and transposable elements as well of regulating translation of endogenous mRNAs. The RNAi systems recognize the target RNA molecules via small guide RNAs that are completely or partially complementary to a region of the ta...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Makarova KS,Wolf YI,van der Oost J,Koonin EV

更新日期：2009-08-25 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article, I review the results of studies on the origin of life distinct from the popular RNA world hypothesis. The alternate scenario postulates the origin of the first bimolecular genetic system (a polynucleotide gene and a polypeptide processive polymerase) with simultaneous replication and translation and i...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Altstein AD

更新日期：2015-11-26 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Recent studies suggest that gene expression profiles are a promising alternative for clinical cancer classification. One major problem in applying DNA microarrays for classification is the dimension of obtained data sets. In this paper we propose a multiclass gene selection method based on Partial Least Squa...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Student S,Fujarewicz K

更新日期：2012-10-02 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:A basic tenet of protein science is that all information about the spatial structure of proteins is present in their sequences. Nonetheless, many proteins fail to attain native structure upon experimental denaturation and refolding in vitro, raising the question of the specific role of cellular machinery in ...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Sorokina I,Mushegian A

更新日期：2017-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The transition from premalignant to invasive tumour growth is a prolonged multistep process governed by phenotypic adaptation to changing microenvironmental selection pressures. Cancer prevention strategies are required to interrupt or delay somatic evolution of the malignant invasive phenotype. Empirical st...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Smallbone K,Maini PK,Gatenby RA

更新日期：2010-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Currently a huge amount of protein-protein interaction data is available therefore extracting meaningful ones are a challenging task. In a protein-protein interaction network, hubs are considered as key proteins maintaining function and stability of the network. Therefore, studying protein-protein complexes ...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Choura M,Rebaï A

更新日期：2011-10-05 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:This essay highlights critical aspects of the plausibility of pre-Darwinian evolution. It is based on a critical review of some better-known open, far-from-equilibrium system-based scenarios supposed to explain processes that took place before Darwinian evolution had emerged and that resulted in the origin o...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Tessera M

更新日期：2018-09-21 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The evidence for universal common ancestry (UCA) is vast and persuasive. A phylogenetic test has been proposed for quantifying its odds against independently originated sequences based on the comparison between one versus several trees. This test was successfully applied to a well-supported homologous sequen...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： de Oliveira Martins L,Posada D

更新日期：2016-04-07 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The overwhelming majority of animal species exhibit bilateral symmetry. However, the precise evolutionary importance of bilateral symmetry is unknown, although elements of the understanding of the phenomenon have been present within the scientific community for decades. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS:Here w...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Holló G,Novák M

更新日期：2012-07-12 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Long-lived marine megavertebrates (e.g. sharks, turtles, mammals, and seabirds) are inherently vulnerable to anthropogenic mortality. Although some mathematical models have been applied successfully to manage these animals, more detailed treatments are often needed to assess potential drivers of population d...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： White ER,Nagy JD,Gruber SH

更新日期：2014-11-18 00:00:00

abstract：UNLABELLED:In this work we review past articles that have mathematically studied cancer heterogeneity and the impact of this heterogeneity on the structure of optimal therapy. We look at past works on modeling how heterogeneous tumors respond to radiotherapy, and take a particularly close look at how the optimal radiot...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Badri H,Leder K

更新日期：2016-08-23 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin systems (TAS, also referred to as TA loci) are widespread, mobile two-gene modules that can be viewed as selfish genetic elements because they evolved mechanisms to become addictive for replicons and cells in which they reside, but also possess "normal" cellular functions in v...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Makarova KS,Wolf YI,Koonin EV

更新日期：2009-06-03 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:A dramatic increase in the prevalence of autism and Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has been observed over the last two decades in USA, Europe and Asia. Given the accumulating data on the possible role of translation in the etiology of ASD, we analyzed potential effects of rare synonymous substitutions ass...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Poliakov E,Koonin EV,Rogozin IB

更新日期：2014-07-10 00:00:00

abstract：UNLABELLED:Pseudogenes arise from the decay of gene copies following either RNA-mediated duplication (processed pseudogenes) or DNA-mediated duplication (nonprocessed pseudogenes). Here, we show that long protein-coding genes tend to produce more nonprocessed pseudogenes than short genes, whereas the opposite is true f...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Khachane AN,Harrison PM

更新日期：2009-10-06 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:In the past, many methods have been developed for peptide tertiary structure prediction but they are limited to peptides having natural amino acids. This study describes a method PEPstrMOD, which is an updated version of PEPstr, developed specifically for predicting the structure of peptides containing natur...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Singh S,Singh H,Tuknait A,Chaudhary K,Singh B,Kumaran S,Raghava GP

更新日期：2015-12-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept of developmental constraints has been central to understand the role of development in morphological evolution. Developmental constraints are classically defined as biases imposed by development on the distribution of morphological variation.This opinion article argues that the concepts of developmental co...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Salazar-Ciudad I

更新日期：2021-01-09 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Oil palm is an important source of edible oil. The importance of the crop, as well as its long breeding cycle (10-12 years) has led to the sequencing of its genome in 2013 to pave the way for genomics-guided breeding. Nevertheless, the first set of gene predictions, although useful, had many fragmented genes...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Chan KL,Tatarinova TV,Rosli R,Amiruddin N,Azizi N,Halim MAA,Sanusi NSNM,Jayanthi N,Ponomarenko P,Triska M,Solovyev V,Firdaus-Raih M,Sambanthamurthi R,Murphy D,Low EL

更新日期：2017-09-08 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The advent of metagenomic sequencing provides microbial abundance patterns that can be leveraged for sample origin prediction. Supervised machine learning classification approaches have been reported to predict sample origin accurately when the origin has been previously sampled. Using metagenomic datasets p...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Chen JC,Tyler AD

更新日期：2020-12-10 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:While all codons that specify amino acids are universally recognized by tRNA molecules, codons signaling termination of translation are recognized by proteins known as class-I release factors (RF). In most eukaryotes and archaea a single RF accomplishes termination at all three stop codons. In most bacteria,...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Baranov PV,Vestergaard B,Hamelryck T,Gesteland RF,Nyborg J,Atkins JF

更新日期：2006-09-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase comprising two isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β. Both enzymes are similarly inactivated by serine phosphorylation (GSK-3α at Ser21 and GSK-3β at Ser9) and activated by tyrosine phosphorylation (GSK-3α at Tyr279 and GS...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Campa VM,Kypta RM

更新日期：2011-01-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Functional biologists, like Claude Bernard, ask "How?", meaning that they investigate the mechanisms underlying the emergence of biological functions (proximal causes), while evolutionary biologists, like Charles Darwin, asks "Why?", meaning that they search the causes of adaptation, survival and evolution (remote cau...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Vianello A,Passamonti S

更新日期：2016-02-09 00:00:00

abstract：:LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons are repetitive elements in mammalian genomes. They are capable of synthesizing DNA on their own RNA templates by harnessing reverse transcriptase (RT) that they encode. Abundantly expressed full-length L1s and their RT are found to globally influence gene expression profiles, differentiati...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Belan E

更新日期：2013-09-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Microbial communities play a crucial role in our environment and may influence human health tremendously. Despite being the place where human interaction is most abundant we still know little about the urban microbiome. This is highlighted by the large amount of unclassified DNA reads found in urban metageno...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Gerner SM,Rattei T,Graf AB

更新日期：2018-10-12 00:00:00

abstract：:ᅟ: Some tumor cells can evolve into transmissible parasites. Notable examples include the Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease, the canine transmissible venereal tumor and transmissible cancers of mollusks. We present a hypothesis that such transmissible tumors existed in the past and that some modern animal taxa are ...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Panchin AY,Aleoshin VV,Panchin YV

更新日期：2019-01-23 00:00:00

abstract：:The provenance and biochemical roles of eukaryotic MORC proteins have remained poorly understood since the discovery of their prototype MORC1, which is required for meiotic nuclear division in animals. The MORC family contains a combination of a gyrase, histidine kinase, and MutL (GHKL) and S5 domains that together co...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Iyer LM,Abhiman S,Aravind L

更新日期：2008-03-17 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Many studies of biochemical networks have analyzed network topology. Such work has suggested that specific types of network wiring may increase network robustness and therefore confer a selective advantage. However, knowledge of network topology does not allow one to predict network dynamical behavior--for e...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： McDonald D,Waterbury L,Knight R,Betterton MD

更新日期：2008-12-04 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a major constraint on world rice production. The conidia produced by this fungal pathogen are the main source of disease dissemination. The morphology of conidia may be a critical factor in the spore dispersal and virulence of M. oryzae in the field. Del...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Bhadauria V,Wang LX,Peng YL

更新日期：2010-11-02 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major concern in drug development, as hepatotoxicity may not be apparent at early stages but can lead to life threatening consequences. The ability to predict DILI from in vitro data would be a crucial advantage. In 2018, the Critical Assessment Massive Data Analysis gro...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Chierici M,Francescatto M,Bussola N,Jurman G,Furlanello C

更新日期：2020-02-13 00:00:00

abstract：UNLABELLED:Recently Mycobacterium tuberculosis was shown to possess a novel protein modification, in which a small protein Pup is conjugated to the epsilon-amino groups of lysines in target proteins. Analogous to ubiquitin modification in eukaryotes, this remarkable modification recruits proteins for degradation via ar...

journal_title：Biology direct

authors： Iyer LM,Burroughs AM,Aravind L

更新日期：2008-11-03 00:00:00