Abstract:
:Coccinellid beetles contain a variety of defensive alkaloids that render them unpalatable to predators. Epilachna paenulata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a South American ladybird beetle that feeds on plants of the Cucurbitaceae family. The defensive chemistry of E. paenulata has been characterized as a mixture of systemic piperidine, homotropane, and pyrrolidine alkaloids. Whole body extracts of adult beetles contain four major alkaloids: 2-(2'-oxopropyl)-6-methylpiperidine (1); 1-(6-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-pyridin-2-yl)-propan-2-one (2); 1-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one (3); and 1-(2''-hydroxyethyl)-2-(12'-aminotridecyl)-pyrrolidine (4). Comparative studies of the defensive chemistry of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults showed differences in alkaloid composition and concentration among life stages. While adults contained mainly the homotropane 1-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one (3), eggs showed the highest concentration of the piperidine 2-(2'-oxopropyl)-6-methylpiperidine (1). We studied the origin of this alkaloid in the eggs by feeding newly emerged, virgin adult beetles with [2-(13)C]-labeled acetate, and by performing crosses between (13)C-fed and unlabeled males and females. GC-MS analysis of alkaloids from (13)C-fed males and females showed high incorporation of (13)C into the alkaloids, as evidenced from a 20-30% increase of isotopic peaks in diagnostic fragment ions, confirming the expected endogenous origin of these alkaloids. In addition, analyses of eggs from different crosses showed that labeled alkaloids from both parents are incorporated into eggs, indicating that E. paenulata males transfer alkaloids to the females at mating. Biparental endowment of chemical defenses into eggs has been shown previously in insects that acquire defensive compounds from dietary sources. To our knowledge, this is the first report of biparental egg endowment of endogenous defenses.
journal_name
J Chem Ecoljournal_title
Journal of chemical ecologyauthors
Camarano S,González A,Rossini Cdoi
10.1007/s10886-008-9570-8subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
1-7issue
1eissn
0098-0331issn
1573-1561journal_volume
35pub_type
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