Abstract:
:General models of plant vascular architecture, based on scaling of pipe diameters to remove the length dependence of hydraulic resistance within the xylem, have attracted strong interest. However, these models have neglected to consider the leaf, an important hydraulic component; they assume all leaves to have similar hydraulic properties, including similar pipe diameters in the petiole. We examine the scaling of the leaf xylem in 10 temperate oak species, an important hydraulic component. The mean hydraulic diameter of petiole xylem vessels varied by 30% among the 10 oak species. Conduit diameters narrowed from the petiole to the midrib to the secondary veins, consistent with resistance minimization, but the power function scaling exponent differed from that predicted for stems. Leaf size was an organizing trait within and across species. These findings indicate that leaf vasculature needs to be included in whole-plant scaling models, for these to accurately reflect and predict whole-plant transport and its implications for performance and ecology.
journal_name
Biol Lettjournal_title
Biology lettersauthors
Coomes DA,Heathcote S,Godfrey ER,Shepherd JJ,Sack Ldoi
10.1098/rsbl.2008.0094subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-06-23 00:00:00pages
302-6issue
3eissn
1744-9561issn
1744-957Xpii
A824124X71691538journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
Biology Letters文献大全abstract::Predator foraging may be affected by previous prey capture, but it is unknown how nutrient balance affects foraging behaviour. Here, we use a trap-building predator to test whether nutrients from previous prey captures affect foraging behaviour. We fed orb-weaving spiders (Zygiella x-notata) prey flies of different nu...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0431
更新日期:2009-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::Honeybees maintain their colony throughout the cold winters, a strategy that enables them to make the most of early spring flowers. During this period, their activity is mostly limited to thermoregulation, while foraging and brood rearing are stopped. Less is known about seasonal changes to the essential task of defen...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0337
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aerodynamic force on flying insects results from the vortical flow structures that vary both spatially and temporally throughout flight. Due to these complexities and the inherent difficulties in studying flying insects in a natural setting, a complete picture of the vortical flow has been difficult to obtain expe...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0198
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of social behaviour within groups has relied on fixed definitions of an 'interaction'. Criteria used in these definitions often involve a subjectively defined cut-off value for proximity, orientation and time (e.g. courtship, aggression and social interaction networks) and the same numerical values for these...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0749
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Males of many vertebrate species aggressively defend their reproductive interests by monopolizing females, and the 'challenge hypothesis' predicts that testosterone levels in reproductive contexts rise to facilitate males' competitive behaviours necessary for meeting social challenges. The hypothesis is successful in ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0563
更新日期:2009-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::Novel object trials are commonly used to assess aversion to novelty (neophobia), and previous work has shown neophobia can be influenced by the social environment, but whether the altered behaviour persists afterwards (social learning) is largely unknown in wild animals. We assessed house sparrow (Passer domesticus) n...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0286
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heterochrony, differences in the timing of developmental events between descendent species and their ancestors, is a pervasive evolutionary pattern. However, the origins of such timing changes are still not resolved. Here we show, using sequence analysis, that exposure to predator cues altered the timing of onset of s...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0658
更新日期:2011-04-23 00:00:00
abstract::Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, especially for threatened and near-threatened species. One widely implemented response is 'wildlife-friendly farming', involving the close integration of conservation and extensive farming practices within agricultural landscapes. However, th...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0367
更新日期:2012-10-23 00:00:00
abstract::Plants have evolved numerous herbivore defences that are resistance- or tolerance-based. Resistance involves physical and chemical traits that deter and/or harm herbivores whereas tolerance minimizes fitness costs of herbivory, often via compensatory growth. The Poaceae frequently accumulate large amounts of silicon (...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0361
更新日期:2019-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::We tested whether the carbohydrate and amino acid content of extrafloral nectar affected prey choice by a predatory ant. Fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, were provided with artificial nectar that varied in the presence of carbohydrates and amino acids and were then provided with two prey items that differed in nutrition...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0736
更新日期:2010-04-23 00:00:00
abstract::About 10 per cent of birds' eggs fail to hatch, but the incidence of failure can be much higher in endangered species. Most studies fail to distinguish between infertility (due to a lack of sperm) and embryo mortality as the cause of hatching failure, yet doing so is crucial in order to understand the underlying probl...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0655
更新日期:2012-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::Pectinodontid limpets are important members of deep-sea hot vents and cold seeps as can be seen by their conspicuous presence in both extant and extinct systems. They have traditionally been classified into different genera and species based on shell and radula characteristics; the reliability of these characters has ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0504
更新日期:2019-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::A challenge in animal ecology is to link animal movement to demography. In general, reproducing and non-reproducing animals may show different movement patterns. Dramatic changes in reproductive status, such as the loss of an offspring during the course of migration, might also affect movement. Studies linking movemen...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0379
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coordinated landing requires anticipating the timing and magnitude of impact, which in turn requires sensory input. To better understand how cane toads, well known for coordinated landing, prioritize visual versus vestibular feedback during hopping, we recorded forelimb joint angle patterns and electromyographic data ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0196
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fire is the most frequent disturbance in the Ericaceous Belt (ca 3000-4300 m.a.s.l.), one of the most important plant communities of tropical African mountains. Through resprouting after fire, Erica establishes a positive fire feedback under certain burning regimes. However, present-day human activity in the Bale Moun...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0357
更新日期:2019-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::Mountainous areas contain a substantial part of the world species richness, but the evolutionary origins and diversification of this biodiversity remain elusive. Diversification may result from differences in clade age (longer time to diversify), net diversification rates (faster speciation rate) or carrying capacitie...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0622
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hunter-gatherer Pygmies from Central Africa are described as being extremely mobile. Using neutral genetic markers and population genetics theory, we explored the dispersal behaviour of the Baka Pygmies from Cameroon, one of the largest Pygmy populations in Central Africa. We found a strong correlation between genetic...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0192
更新日期:2010-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::Inclusive fitness theory predicts that organisms will tend to help close kin more than less related individuals. In a variety of birds and mammals, relatives are recognized by comparing their phenotype to an internal representation or template, which might be learned through either repeated exposure to family members ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0789
更新日期:2009-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::Humans and animals show increased attention towards threatening stimuli when they are in increased states of anxiety. The few animal studies that have examined this phenomenon, known as attention bias, have applied environmental manipulations to induce anxiety but the effects of drug-induced anxiety levels on attentio...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0977
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The difference between maximum metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate is referred to as aerobic scope, and because it constrains performance it is suggested to constitute a key limiting process prescribing how fish may cope with or adapt to climate warming. We use an evolutionary bioenergetics model for Atlantic c...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.1032
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Climate change leads to species range shifts and consequently to changes in diversity. For many systems, increases in diversity capacity have been forecast, with spare capacity to be taken up by a pool of weedy species moved around by humans. Few tests of this hypothesis have been undertaken, and in many temperate sys...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0806
更新日期:2013-02-23 00:00:00
abstract::At species' range edges, individuals often face novel environmental conditions that may limit range expansion until populations adapt. The potential to adapt depends on genetic variation upon which selection can act. However, populations at species' range edges are often genetically depauperate. One mechanism increasi...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0244
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of niche specialization and narrowing in the evolution and extinction of the ichthyosaurs has been widely discussed in the literature. However, previous studies have concentrated on a qualitative discussion of these variables only. Here, we use the recently developed approach of quantitative ecospace modellin...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0339
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Darwin devoted much of his working life to the study of plant reproductive systems. He recognized that many of the intricacies of floral morphology had been shaped by natural selection in favour of outcrossing, and he clearly established the deleterious effects of self-fertilization on progeny. Although Darwin hypothe...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0142
更新日期:2009-06-23 00:00:00
abstract::The Lake Victoria 'species flock' of cichlids is puzzling because reproductive isolation often occurs in the absence of substantial ecological differences among species. Theory predicts that this cannot evolve with most genetic mechanisms for mate choice. We provide the first evidence that learning, in the form of sex...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0601
更新日期:2007-04-22 00:00:00
abstract::Lack of information is a constraint but ignorance can sometimes assist the evolution of cooperation by constraining selfishness. We discuss examples involving both ignorance of role or pay-off and ignorance of relatedness. Ignorance can favour cooperative traits like grouping and warning coloration and reduce conflict...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0365
更新日期:2013-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::Group choruses of marine animals can produce extraordinarily loud sounds that markedly elevate levels of the ambient soundscape. We investigated sound production in the Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus), a soniferous marine fish with a unique reproductive behaviour threatened by overfishing, to compare with sounds...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0656
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reciprocity constitutes the prevalent mating mechanism among simultaneous hermaphrodites. Yet, when copulations in the female role confer fitness costs through male manipulation, it becomes advantageous sometimes to mate unilaterally in the male role only. In the sea slug Siphopteron quadrispinosum, acting males stab ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0596
更新日期:2007-04-22 00:00:00
abstract::Negative effects of inbreeding are well documented in a wide range of animal taxa. Hatching success and survival of inbred offspring is reduced in many species and inbred progeny are often less attractive to potential mates. Thus, individuals should avoid mating with close kin. However, experimental evidence for inbre...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0432
更新日期:2006-06-22 00:00:00
abstract::While there is increasing interest in non-consumptive effects of predators on prey, physiological effects are understudied. While physiological stress responses play a crucial role in preparing escape responses, the increased metabolic rates and shunting of energy away from other body functions, including antioxidant ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0350
更新日期:2013-06-12 00:00:00