解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::Ecological resilience has become a focal concept in ecosystem management. Palaeoecological records (i.e. the sub-fossil remains preserved in sediments) are useful archives to address ecological resilience since they can be used to reconstruct long-term temporal variations in ecosystem properties. The special feature p...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0881
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The somasteroids are Lower Palaeozoic star-shaped animals widely regarded as ancestors of Asterozoa, the group of echinoderms that includes brittle stars and starfish. However, the origin of asterozoans, the assembly of their distinctive body organization, and their relationships with other Cambrian and Ordovician ech...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0809
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tonic immobility and escape are adaptive anti-predator tactics used by many animals. Escape requires movement, whereas tonic immobility does not. If anti-predator tactics relate to weapon size, males with larger weapons may adopt tonic immobility, whereas males with smaller weapons may adopt escape. However, no study ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0601
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nursery areas are fundamental for the success of many marine species, particularly for large, slow-growing taxa with low fecundity and high age of maturity. Here, we examine the population size-class structure of the extinct gigantic shark Otodus megalodon in a newly described middle Miocene locality from Northeastern...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0746
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fastest land animals are of intermediate size. Cheetah, antelope, greyhounds and racehorses have been measured running much faster than reported for elephants or elephant shrews. Can this be attributed to scaling of physical demands and explicit physiological constraints to supply? Here, we describe the scaling of...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0579
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Novel object trials are commonly used to assess aversion to novelty (neophobia), and previous work has shown neophobia can be influenced by the social environment, but whether the altered behaviour persists afterwards (social learning) is largely unknown in wild animals. We assessed house sparrow (Passer domesticus) n...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0286
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::For many animals, navigating their environment requires an ability to organize continuous streams of sensory input into discrete 'perceptual objects' that correspond to physical entities in visual and auditory scenes. The human visual and auditory systems follow several Gestalt laws of perceptual organization to bind ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0573
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, and how this relationship will change in a warming world is a major and well-examined question in ecology. Yet, it remains understudied for pico-phytoplankton communities, which contribute to carbon cycles and aquatic food webs year-round. Observational studies show a link betw...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0330
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sperm whales use their gigantic nose to produce the most powerful sounds in the animal kingdom, presumably to echolocate deep-sea prey at long ranges and possibly to debilitate prey. To test these hypotheses, we deployed sound recording tags (DTAG-4) on the tip of the nose of three sperm whales. One of these recording...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0134
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::One response to the coral reef crisis has been human intervention to enhance selection on the fittest corals through cultivation. This requires genotypes to be identified for intervention, with a primary basis for this choice being growth: corals that quickly grow on contemporary reefs might be future winners. To test...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0227
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Group-living animals can develop social bonds. Social bonds can be considered a type of social relationship characterized by frequent and consistent affiliative (non-reproductive) interactions. Social bonds with conspecifics bring many advantages, also in terms of direct fitness. A characteristic of social bonds is th...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0201
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite major advances in the study of animal tool behaviour, researchers continue to debate how exactly certain behaviours are acquired. While specific mechanisms, such as genetic predispositions or action copying, are sometimes suspected to play a major role in behavioural acquisition, controlled experiments are req...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0122
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::At species' range edges, individuals often face novel environmental conditions that may limit range expansion until populations adapt. The potential to adapt depends on genetic variation upon which selection can act. However, populations at species' range edges are often genetically depauperate. One mechanism increasi...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0244
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here, we use 30 long-term, high-resolution palaeoecological records from Mexico, Central and South America to address two hypotheses regarding possible drivers of resilience in tropical forests as measured in terms of recovery rates from previous disturbances. First, we hypothesize that faster recovery rates are assoc...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0005
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantifying how key life-history traits respond to climatic change is fundamental in understanding and predicting long-term population prospects. Age at first reproduction (AFR), which affects fitness and population dynamics, may be influenced by environmental stochasticity but has rarely been directly linked to clima...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0075
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies often show that paternal age affects offspring fitness. However, such effects could be due either to age, or to a male's previous mating effort (which is necessarily confounded with age). We experimentally tested whether differences in the mating history of old males affect offspring performance in the mosquit...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0945
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ecosystem dynamics are driven by both biotic and abiotic processes, and perturbations can push ecosystems into novel dynamical regimes. Plant-plant, plant-soil and mycorrhizal associations all affect plant ecosystem dynamics; however, the direction and magnitude of these effects vary by context and their contribution ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0441
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Urban alteration of neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes is still underexplored. Using a genome-wide SNP dataset, we investigated (i) urban-induced modifications of population demography, genetic diversity and population structure and (ii) signature of divergent selection between urban and forest populations in...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0741
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Domesticated animals have been shown to recognize basic phonemic information from human speech sounds and to recognize familiar speakers from their voices. However, whether animals can spontaneously identify words across unfamiliar speakers (speaker normalization) or spontaneously discriminate between unfamiliar speak...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0555
更新日期:2019-12-24 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding the effects of parasites on host behaviour, of host behaviour on parasite infection, and the reciprocal interactions between these processes is vital to improving our understanding of animal behaviour and disease dynamics. However, behaviour and parasite infection are both highly variable within and betw...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0557
更新日期:2019-11-29 00:00:00
abstract::Collective responses to threats occur throughout the animal kingdom but little is known about the cognitive processes underpinning them. Antipredator mobbing is one such response. Approaching a predator may be highly risky, but the individual risk declines and the likelihood of repelling the predator increases in larg...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0380
更新日期:2019-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::Pectinodontid limpets are important members of deep-sea hot vents and cold seeps as can be seen by their conspicuous presence in both extant and extinct systems. They have traditionally been classified into different genera and species based on shell and radula characteristics; the reliability of these characters has ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0504
更新日期:2019-10-31 00:00:00
abstract::In cooperatively breeding species, social conflict is typically assumed to underlie destructive behaviours like infanticide. However, an untested alternative hypothesis in birds is that infanticide in the form of egg tossing may simply be a parental response to partial nest predation representing a life-history trade-...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0314
更新日期:2019-08-30 00:00:00
abstract::Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is associated with social dominance in human and non-human primates, which may reflect the effects of testosterone on facial morphology and behaviour. Given that testosterone facilitates status-seeking motivation, the association between fWHR and behaviour should be contingent on th...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0232
更新日期:2019-08-30 00:00:00
abstract::Fire is the most frequent disturbance in the Ericaceous Belt (ca 3000-4300 m.a.s.l.), one of the most important plant communities of tropical African mountains. Through resprouting after fire, Erica establishes a positive fire feedback under certain burning regimes. However, present-day human activity in the Bale Moun...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0357
更新日期:2019-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::The muscles that effect lung ventilation are key to understanding the evolutionary constraints on animal form and function. Here, through electromyography, we demonstrate a newly discovered respiratory function for the iliocostalis muscle in the American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis). The iliocostalis is act...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0354
更新日期:2019-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::Animals use cues to find their food, in microhabitats within their physiological tolerances. Termites build and modify their microhabitat, to transform hostile environments into benign ones, which raises questions about the relative importance of cues. Termites are desiccation intolerant and foraging termites are attr...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0365
更新日期:2019-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::Plants have evolved numerous herbivore defences that are resistance- or tolerance-based. Resistance involves physical and chemical traits that deter and/or harm herbivores whereas tolerance minimizes fitness costs of herbivory, often via compensatory growth. The Poaceae frequently accumulate large amounts of silicon (...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0361
更新日期:2019-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::Many studies during the past 50 years have found an association between father absence and earlier menarche. In connection with these findings, several evolutionary theories assume that father absence is a causal factor accelerating reproductive development. However, a recent study analysing data from the Avon Longitu...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0091
更新日期:2019-06-28 00:00:00
abstract::Various vertebrate species use relative numerosity judgements in comparative assessments of quantities for which they use larger/smaller relationships rather than absolute number. The numerical ability of honeybees shares basic properties with that of vertebrates but their use of absolute or relative numerosity has no...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0138
更新日期:2019-06-28 00:00:00
abstract::Both host phylogenetic placement and feeding strategy influence the structure of the gut microbiome (GMB); however, parsing their relative contributions presents a challenge. To meet this challenge, we compared GMB structure in two genera of lemurs characterized by different dietary specializations, the frugivorous br...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0028
更新日期:2019-06-28 00:00:00
abstract::The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) consists of 26 and 52 heptad-repeats in yeast and mammals, respectively. Studies in yeast showed that the strong periodicity of the YSPTSPS heptads is dispensable for cell growth and that di-heptads interspersed by spacers can act a...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0068
更新日期:2019-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::Valuing sedimentary 'blue carbon' stocks of seagrass meadows requires exclusion of allochthonous recalcitrant forms of carbon, such as black carbon (BC). Regression models constructed across a Southeast Asian tropical estuary predicted that carbon stocks within the sandy meadows of coastal embayments would support a m...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0745
更新日期:2019-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::Historically, bird song has been regarded as a sex-specific signalling trait; males sing to attract females and females drive the evolution of signal exaggeration by preferring males with ever more complex songs. This view provides no functional role for female song. Historic geographical research biases generalized p...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0059
更新日期:2019-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::Ejaculate attributes are important factors driving the probability of fertilizing eggs. When females mate with several males, competition between sperm to fertilize eggs should accentuate selection on ejaculate attributes. We tested this hypothesis in the North African houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis undulata undulata) ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0889
更新日期:2019-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::The Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) is often implicated in the transition from the Paleozoic evolutionary fauna (PEF) to the modern evolutionary fauna (MEF). However, the exact timing and details of this progression are unknown, especially regarding the vacating and filling of functional ecological space after t...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0902
更新日期:2019-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Male-biased susceptibility to parasites is common in dioecious plants. However, why males have higher parasite loads than females is unclear. Unlike males, females must subsidize post-fertilization costs of reproduction (e.g. seed and fruit development). As a result, females may have smaller pools of resources potenti...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0761
更新日期:2019-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Parental effects have been shown to buffer the negative effects of within-generation exposure to ocean acidification (OA) conditions on the offspring of shallow water marine organisms. However, it remains unknown if parental effects will be impacted by the presence of diel CO2 cycles that are prevalent in many shallow...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0724
更新日期:2019-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::Soil oxygen availability may influence blue carbon, which is carbon stored in coastal wetlands, by controlling the decomposition of soil organic matter. We are beginning to quantify soil oxygen availability in wetlands, but we lack a precise understanding of how oxygen controls soil carbon dynamics. In this paper, we ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0407
更新日期:2019-01-31 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptive radiations often exhibit high levels of phenotypic replication, a phenomenon that can be explained by selection on standing variation in repeatedly divergent environments or by the influence of ancestral plasticity on selection in divergent environments. Here, we offer the first evidence that plastic loss of ...
journal_title:Biology letters
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0647
更新日期:2019-01-31 00:00:00