Abstract：
:Tolerance represents a dynamic mechanism that can be used to temper various regulatory processes regardless of whether they mediate excitation or inhibition. Tolerance operationally directs state-dependent attenuation of the action of endogenous and exogenous morphine. For example, tolerance ensures that immuno-inhibition induced by morphine does not compromise a requisite functional system over an extended period of time. In the nervous system, tolerance to inhibitory action insures that excitatory tone is resumed. Thus, desensitization sets in and allows various essential processes to be operational once again. Clearly, the temporal rebound of diverse immune and nervous processes involved with opiate actions provides a self-contained operational mechanism to ensure survival of the organism. Furthermore, love and/or pleasure, and satiety, are complex neurobiological phenomena linked to limbic brain reward circuitry. These processes are critically dependent on oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine, endogenous morphine and serotoninergic signaling. Naturally rewarding and/or pleasurable activities are usually governed by beneficial biological behaviors like eating, sex, and reproduction. It is our contention that critically important tolerance mechanisms extend to behaviors mediated by CNS reward systems. In other words, we become satisfied with sex, food, pleasure for the moment and disinterest creeps in until the "urges" return.
journal_name
Med Sci Monitjournal_title
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical researchauthors
Stefano GB,Kream RM,Esch Tsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-09-01 00:00:00pages
RA189-98issue
9eissn
1234-1010issn
1643-3750pii
878168journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Some studies have evaluated the association between the Ubiquilin 1 (UBQLN1) gene UBQ-8i polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the results remain uncertain. We carried out a meta-analysis to derive a more comprehensive estimation of this association. MATERIAL/METHODS:Case-control studies were ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.12659/MSM.891030
更新日期：2014-11-12 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Not all patients with spinal cord compression due to cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) have clinical symptoms and signs. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the imaging findings in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with CSM with mild to moderate cervical spinal cord compression. MAT...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.906937
更新日期：2017-10-13 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Renal failure in cirrhotic patients is a severe complication and endotoxemia might be involved. We investigated the effect of endotoxin on renal function of cirrhotic rats and the potential protective role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). MATERIAL/METHODS:Hepatic cirrhosis was generated in a rat model by carbon t...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The CD95 gene plays a key role in regulating cell growth and tumor genesis. To date, several publications have focused on the CD95 rs1800682A/G site polymorphism and various types of tumors in Asians; however, this association is still controversial and obscure. Therefore, a meta-analysis combined with all p...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.12659/MSM.892547
更新日期：2015-02-27 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Intestinal complications are a major cause of morbidity after colorectal cancer surgery. This study aimed to develop an effective nomogram for predicting risk of intestinal complications following colorectal cancer surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 1876 patients who underwent colorec...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.915692
更新日期：2019-03-21 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Sepsis is known to trigger impaired T cell function, which relates to immunosuppression, contributing to refractory infection and high mortality. The mechanisms of T cell recovery remain to be elucidated, and novel and effective therapeutics for sepsis are needed. Ouabain, a small molecule of cardiac glycos...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.906889
更新日期：2018-05-02 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) cancer susceptibility candidate 2a (CASC2a) in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) and its predictive value in the recurrence of UCB after radical cystectomy (RC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Tumor and pair...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.905393
更新日期：2018-01-23 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Growing resistance to antibiotics among both community-acquired and hospital pathogens is making the treatment of most infections increasingly difficult. Therefore, the aim of our multi-center study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the most frequent aerobic microorganisms isolated from ch...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-associated mortality and morbidity are strongly dependent on glycemic control. With T2DM prevalence increasing in China, we aimed to assess glycemic control rates in Chinese T2DM outpatients. MATERIAL/METHODS:A total of 9065 adult T2DM outpatients (5035 men) were assessed in ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.12659/MSM.892246
更新日期：2015-05-19 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are functionally and structurally essential for tumor progression. There are 3 main origins of CAFs: mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition cells, and tissue-resident cells. Pericytes retain characteristics of progenitor cells and can d...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.906641
更新日期：2018-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a potentially fatal complication of diabetes mellitus. While lifestyle changes can reduce diabetes risk, it is unclear whether improved lifestyle can slow or reverse DN progression. This study evaluated whether an intensive lifestyle intervention (IL-I) targeting weight loss and...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.12659/MSM.913512
更新日期：2019-04-25 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) could potentially function as diagnostic markers for gastric carcinoma. Nevertheless, the expression profile and biological feature of LncRNAs in early gastric cancer (EGC) remains to be explored. MATERIAL AND METHODS LncRNA expression microarray analysis was performed on 6 pa...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.917935
更新日期：2019-12-29 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Dermatitis artefacta (DA) is a dermatologicopsychiatric illness that is a conscious self-infliction of lesions to accessible regions of the body. The lesions usually do not resemble those of any know skin disease and there are no specific diagnostic tests to recognize them. This makes dermatitis artefacta a ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.12659/msm.883474
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:ED overcrowding is fast becoming a national crisis although no definition exists. The purpose of this study is to develop and pilot a sampling form that accurately reflects the concept of ED Overcrowding. MATERIAL/METHODS:A 26-question site-sampling form was designed based on input from academic physicians ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We compared cardiac electrophysiological indicators and regional expression levels of cardiac hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels between adult and aged dogs to identify possible mechanisms of age-related atrial fibrillation. MATERIAL/METHODS:Corrected sinus node recovery time...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.892505
更新日期：2014-11-14 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND This study aimed to screen common and low-frequency variants of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA)-associated genes, and to construct a database for NOA-associated single nucleotide variants (SNVs). MATERIAL AND METHODS Next-generation sequencing of 466 NOA-associated genes was performed in 34 patients with N...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.915375
更新日期：2019-08-04 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of L-glutamine (GLN) against liver and kidney injury caused by acute toxicity of deltamethrin (DLM). MATERIAL AND METHODS:Thirty-two rats were indiscriminately separated into 4 groups with 8 rats each: control group (distilled water; 10 ml/kg, ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.893180
更新日期：2015-04-19 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND This study aimed to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying mild and severe pneumonia by use of mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq). MATERIAL AND METHODS RNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of patients with mild pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and healthy controls. Sequencing was performed on the HiSeq4000 p...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.900782
更新日期：2017-04-06 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 protein for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). MATERIAL AND METHODS:A phase II trial was performed in 158 patients with pulmonary TB (145 initially-treated and 13 re-treated) and 133 healthy subject...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.889425
更新日期：2013-11-12 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Studies have shown that thiamine intake is associated with cervical cancer, but the relationship between thiamine and HPV infection remains unclear. In the present study, we used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database to investigate whether HPV infection was associated with t...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.924932
更新日期：2020-11-13 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to determine the expression of apoptotic factors Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 in lens epithelial cells (LECs) from cataracts secondary to pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil (SO) tamponade. We also investigated the impact of SO emulsification on the expression of apoptotic factors....
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.897630
更新日期：2016-03-09 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The role of multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1 or ABCB1) polymorphism G2677T was studied in relation to paroxetine therapeutic efficacy and its side effects, as well as its association with selected demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with depressive disorder. MATERIAL AND METHODS To evaluat...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.907434
更新日期：2018-05-13 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND We assessed the relationship between body mass index and results of rehabilitation in stroke patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out at the Clinical Rehabilitation Ward with Early Neurological Rehabilitation Unit at the Clinical Hospital. The examinations were performed 3 times. Based on in...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.915586
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Sore nipples are common during lactation and remain the major reason for failing to establish successful breastfeeding. To formulate a peppermint gel and to evaluate its effect on the prevention of nipple crack associated with breast-feeding, a randomized double-blinded clinical trial comparing the above for...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Pedicle screw fixation is one of the most commonly used methods in spine surgery. We introduce a surgical robot system from China based on 3-dimensional fluoroscopy imaging and compare it with the commonly used O-arm navigation system. We study the differences in accuracy, safety, and clinical effect in aux...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.924770
更新日期：2020-09-12 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To examine the effect of probiotics as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A sample size of 30 subjects was calculated to determine a moderate effect. MATERIAL/METHODS:A three month double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed using probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.12659/msm.881808
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although the temporalis fascia has been widely used since 1957as a graft in tympanoplasty, it can eventually become thin and atrophic. In addition, due to the lack of elasticity and resistance to pressure changes in the external ear canal, secondary perforations may also develop. Therefore, several authors h...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To evaluate a new liquid polymer developed for selective arterial tumor embolization. MATERIAL/METHODS:In six rabbits we embolized the renal artery with pure 2-P-HEMA. Three rabbits were killed immediately after embolization, one after 12 h, and two animals underwent follow-up angiography after two weeks. I...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In recent years, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae have emerged in many hospitals worldwide. The increasing dissemination and long-term carriage of these organisms within the community carry tremendous implications on the empirical therapy of community-acquired infection. ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Prenatal exposure to tobacco can have significant effects on infants. The objective was to investigate whether maternal smoking affects the size of the thymus. MATERIAL/METHODS:A group of 50 pregnant women who smoked throughout pregnancy and a control group of 92 non-smoking pregnant women were studied. The...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
