Abstract：
:The growing scarcity of potable water supplies is among the most important issues facing many cities, in particular those using single sources of water that are climate dependent. Consequently, urban centers are looking to alternative sources of water supply that can supplement variable rainfall and meet the demands of population growth. A diversified portfolio of water sources is required to ensure public health, as well as social, economical and environmental sustainability. One of the options considered is the augmentation of drinking water supplies with advanced treated recycled water. This paper aims to provide a state of the art review of water recycling for drinking purposes with emphasis on membrane treatment processes. An overview of significant indirect potable reuse projects is presented followed by a description of the epidemiological and toxicological studies evaluating any potential human health impacts. Finally, a summary of key operational measures to protect human health and the areas that require further research are discussed.
journal_name
Int J Environ Res Public Healthauthors
Rodriguez C,Van Buynder P,Lugg R,Blair P,Devine B,Cook A,Weinstein Pdoi
10.3390/ijerph6031174subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-03-01 00:00:00pages
1174-209issue
3eissn
1661-7827issn
1660-4601pii
ijerph6031174journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Nitrogen pollution in reservoirs has received increasing attention in recent years. Although a number of aerobic denitrifying strains have been isolated to remove nitrogen from eutrophic waters, the situation in oligotrophic water environments has not received significant attention. In this study, a mixed aerobic deni...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph16040583
更新日期：2019-02-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Increases in the extent and level of air pollution in Chinese cities have become a major concern of the public and burden on the government. While ample literature has focused on the status, changes and causes of air pollution (particularly on PM2.5 and PM10), significantly less is known on their effects on people. In...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph15102192
更新日期：2018-10-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Health crisis situations generate greater attention and dependence on reliable and truthful information from citizens, especially from those organisations that represent authority on the subject, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). In times of global pandemics such as COVID-19, the WHO message "health for all...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17165663
更新日期：2020-08-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Patient satisfaction is a measure of the extent to which a patient is content with the health care they received from their health care provider. Patient satisfaction is one of the most important factors to determine the success of a health care facility. The purpose of this study was to determine patient satisfaction...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph16183318
更新日期：2019-09-09 00:00:00
abstract：:(1) Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of enforcement capabilities on the efficacy of two public interventions to improve occupational safety in olive mills. (2) Method: The difference in efficacy was evaluated by comparing the risks detected in two groups in an initial assessment (with ...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17176426
更新日期：2020-09-03 00:00:00
abstract：:To examine the effect of sildenafil on erectile dysfunction (ED) and psychosocial outcomes in alcohol-dependent (AD) men, 108 men with these diagnoses were randomly assigned to either take sildenafil (50 mg) as add-on to standard treatment for AD, or the same treatment without sildenafil, for 12 weeks. Only 50 patient...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.3390/ijerph6092510
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Short-term exposure to fire smoke, especially particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), is associated with adverse health effects. In order to quantify the impact of prescribed burning on human health, a general health impact function was used with exposure fields of PM2.5 from prescrib...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph16132312
更新日期：2019-06-29 00:00:00
abstract：:As a critical social cognitive construct, self-efficacy plays a determinant role in children's walking to school (WTS). However, little is known about factors that are underlying children's and parents' self-efficacy in WTS. The purpose of this study is to examine behavioral, attitudinal, and environmental correlates ...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph14121588
更新日期：2017-12-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Predicting the diffusion rule of toxic gas plays a distinctly important role in emergency capability assessment and rescue work. Among diffusion prediction models, the traditional artificial neural network has exhibited excellent performance not only in prediction accuracy but also in calculation time. Nevertheless, w...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph16122133
更新日期：2019-06-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale applied to different contexts for initial or original use, such as in the context of physical activity in nature. In order to do this, we carried out a study at some primary and secondary schools located in wester...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph16244880
更新日期：2019-12-04 00:00:00
abstract：:This study aimed to examine the relationship between one's physical status related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and social isolation, and to identify lifestyle behaviors for the prevention of NCDs associated with social isolation among community-dwelling older adults in Japan. A cross-sectional study was conduc...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17238985
更新日期：2020-12-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Supportive attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) normalize and promote these aggressive behaviors. As a result, more and more research is proposing the identification, analysis and intervention of these attitudes. However, the vast majority of this research focuses on students. The main obj...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17176055
更新日期：2020-08-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Background: Although more and more women are becoming physicians, their decisions regarding pregnancy may be affected by the lengthy period of medical education and postgraduate training. The aim of this study was to explore the birth trends among female physicians in Taiwan; Methods: Retrospective analyses of materna...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph14070746
更新日期：2017-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：:The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has deeply altered social and working environments in several ways. Social distancing policies, mandatory lockdowns, isolation periods, and anxiety of getting sick, along with the suspension of productive activity, loss of income, and fear of the future, jointly influen...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijerph17217857
更新日期：2020-10-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Studying typhoon risk perception and its influencing factors help reveal potential risk factors from the perspective of the public and provide a basis for decision-making for reducing the risk of typhoon disasters. The purpose of this study is to assess the risk perception and related factors of Macao residents in Chi...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17207357
更新日期：2020-10-09 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Pediatricians following clinical practice guidelines for tobacco intervention (“Ask, Advise, and Refer” [AAR]) can motivate parents to reduce child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). However, brief clinic interventions are unable to provide the more intensive, evidence-based behavioral treatments that...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.3390/ijerph15061239
更新日期：2018-06-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Aflatoxins are food contaminants usually associated with hepatitis, immunodepression, impairment of fertility and cancer. The present work was to determine the presence of aflatoxins in eggs, milk, urine, and blood samples that were collected from various sources and periods; and hepatitis B virus antigen in blood sam...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph7010178
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Malaria is one of the major public health problems in Malawi, contributing to the majority of morbidity and mortality among children under five. Ignorance of malaria symptoms results in delayed treatment, which often degenerates into fatal emergencies. This study analyzed the impact of maternal malaria knowledge on he...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph120100521
更新日期：2015-01-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Research has shown that the provision of brief interventions in the health care system is effective for reducing hazardous drinking. Using a telephone-administered questionnaire, this study provides a population-based investigation on the extent to which physicians address patients' alcohol habits in the Swedish healt...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph8051296
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Depression is a major mental health problem during adolescence. This study, using a sample of Chinese adolescents, examined the separate and combined effects of perceived school-related stress and of family socioeconomic status (SES) on the prevalence of depressive symptoms. A total of 1774 Chinese students from Grade...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph110606085
更新日期：2014-06-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Objective: To determine the differences in the incidences and risks of suicide attempt (SA) and suicidal drug overdose (SDO) between patients with epilepsy with and without comorbid depression by using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Methods: We analyzed data of patients (≥20 years) who...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph16224533
更新日期：2019-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:To summarize the present status of health emergency management assessment in China, a comprehensive search of Chinese databases for research that explicitly mention health emergency assessment indicators and indicator systems was performed. Studies were evaluated using the Ekman quality assessment tool, and data were ...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph16183478
更新日期：2019-09-18 00:00:00
abstract：:In the real world, dynamic changes in air pollutants and meteorological factors coexist simultaneously. Studies identifying the effects of individual pollutants on acute exacerbation (AE) of asthma may overlook the health effects of the overall combination. A comprehensive study examining the influence of air pollutio...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17114010
更新日期：2020-06-04 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In patients with neuromuscular disorder, only little data of myalgia frequency and characterization exists. To date, only a weak correlation between pain intensity and pressure pain threshold has been found, and it remains enigmatic whether high pain intensity levels are equivalent to high pain sensitivity l...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17072502
更新日期：2020-04-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Falls can have serious impacts on the health, wellbeing and daily mobilities of older adults. Falls are a leading cause of injury and death amongst older adults and outdoor falls comprise a substantial proportion of pedestrian injuries. As well as physical injuries, the psychological impacts of experiencing a fall can...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17041224
更新日期：2020-02-14 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Health policy, systems and services research (HPSSR) is increasingly needed to enable better access to, and value of, rehabilitation services worldwide. We aim to quantify the growth of Rehabilitation HPSSR publications since 1990, compared to that of overall rehabilitation research and overall HPSSR. METHO...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17030965
更新日期：2020-02-04 00:00:00
abstract：:(1) Background: Hypertension (HTN) affects ~50% of adults and is a major risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular disease. In 2017, the SPRINT trial outcomes led to lowering of HTN cutoffs by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA). The Joint National Committee (JNC8) and Nationa...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.3390/ijerph17061955
更新日期：2020-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Physical activity is beneficial for people with dementia. We previously developed a theoretical model to explain behaviour change in physical activity in dementia (PHYT-in-dementia). This study aimed to externally validate the model. Validation occurred through the process evaluation of a programme promoting activity ...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17051544
更新日期：2020-02-28 00:00:00
abstract：:In 2009, China launched a new health care reform as it endeavoured to develop a tiered system of disease diagnosis and treatment to promote the integration of medical resources. This was important for improving service capacity and building medical alliances that would eventually lead to improved health service utilis...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph17051782
更新日期：2020-03-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Monitoring land-use/land-cover change (LULCC) and exploring its mechanisms are important processes in the environmental management of a lake watershed. The purpose of this study was to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of LULCC by using multi landscape metrics in the Lake Dianchi watershed, which is located in the Yu...
journal_title：International journal of environmental research and public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijerph9113843
更新日期：2012-10-24 00:00:00
