Abstract：
BACKGROUND:It is currently not clear whether individuals living in metropolitan areas differ from individuals living in rural and urban areas with respect to smoking behaviours. Therefore, we sought to explore the relation between residential area and smoking behaviours in Germany. METHODS:We used a nationwide German census representative for the general population of Germany. A number of 181,324 subjects aged 10 years or older were included. Information on the average daily usage of cigarettes that have or had been smoked formerly or currently was available in subjects who have ever smoked. A daily consumption of more than 20 cigarettes was considered heavy smoking. Logistic regression analyses were performed sex-stratified and adjusted for relevant confounders. RESULTS:Analyses revealed inhabitants of metropolitan areas to be more likely current smokers than inhabitants of rural areas (odds ratio 1.56, 95%-confidence interval 1.51; 1.62). Among current and former smokers those who lived in urban communities had also increased odds for being heavy smokers than those who lived in rural communities. CONCLUSION:We conclude that living in an urban and particularly living in a metropolitan area is a determinant of both smoking and severity of current smoking. Tobacco control programs should recognize the difference in living conditions between rural and urban areas.
journal_name
BMC Public Healthjournal_title
BMC public healthauthors
Völzke H,Neuhauser H,Moebus S,Baumert J,Berger K,Stang A,Ellert U,Werner A,Döring Adoi
10.1186/1471-2458-6-146subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-06-06 00:00:00pages
146issn
1471-2458pii
1471-2458-6-146journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:This article will review qualitative data from intervention-based counselling sessions to explore barriers to partner notification (PN) for South African men and women who have contracted sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This qualitative study took place in a township where there is high STI and HIV p...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1186/s12889-018-5909-4
更新日期：2018-08-06 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Colorectal cancer is the third and fourth leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality among men and women, respectively in Iran. However, the role of dietary factors that could contribute to this high cancer incidence remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine major dietary patterns and its ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-13-222
更新日期：2013-03-12 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In the context of an ageing population and an increase in the appearance of chronic diseases, the commitment of caregivers makes it possible for people confronted with disease to remain at home. Over time, they need support to overcome their difficulties. They also show a need for recognition for their parti...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-019-7014-8
更新日期：2019-06-07 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In 2010, India accounted for 65,500 (47%) of the 139,300 measles-related deaths that occurred globally. Data on the quality of age-appropriate measles vaccination in rural India is sparse. We explored the following issues: (i) What proportion of Indian children were appropriately vaccinated against measles a...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-13-358
更新日期：2013-04-17 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Sleep and physical activity are two health behaviors associated with improved smoking cessation outcomes. Text message-based interventions have previously been used to promote physical activity and smoking cessation; however, this type of intervention has not targeted sleep habits. This study examined the ef...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1186/s12889-015-2045-2
更新日期：2015-07-16 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Employees are major contributors to economic development, and occupational health services (OHS) can have an important role in supporting their health. Key to this is collaboration between employers and OHS. We reviewed the evidence regarding the characteristics of good collaboration between employers and OH...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1186/s12889-016-3924-x
更新日期：2017-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Long-term multicentre studies are subject to numerous factors that may affect the integrity of their conclusions. Quality control and standardization of data collection are crucial to minimise the biases induced by these factors. Nevertheless, tools implemented to manage biases are rarely described in public...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-016-3439-5
更新日期：2016-08-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There is growing evidence that men who have sex with men (MSM) are currently a group at high risk of HIV infection in China. Our study aims to know the factors affecting consistent condom use among MSM recruited through the internet in Huzhou city. METHODS:An anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted by...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-13-1101
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To measure levels of indoor pollution in relation to smoking in four English prisons. METHODS:TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitors were used to measure concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) for periods of up to 9 h in selected smoking and non-smoking areas, and per...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-016-2757-y
更新日期：2016-02-04 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Waterpipe smoking is becoming popular among western students. The aim was to understand the appeal to students of this form of smoking when other forms of smoking are becoming less common. METHODS:Waterpipe smokers were identified by snowball sampling and interviewed following a semi-structured schedule in ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-9-10
更新日期：2009-01-10 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although several studies have reported findings concerning the association between smoking and emotional/behavioural problems, little research has investigated this association after controlling for confounding factors which have been found to be significantly correlated with both cigarette smoking and emoti...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-10-57
更新日期：2010-02-03 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Pedometers provide a simple, cost effective means of motivating individuals to increase walking yet few studies have considered if short term changes in walking behaviour can be maintained in the long-term. The role of physical activity consultations in such interventions is unclear. The purpose of this stud...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-206
更新日期：2012-03-19 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health (Ten to Men) was established in 2011 to build the evidence base on male health to inform policy and program development. METHODS:Ten to Men is a national longitudinal study with a stratified multi-stage cluster random sample design and oversampling in rural a...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-016-3698-1
更新日期：2016-10-31 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The widening socioeconomic gap in smoking during pregnancy remains a challenge to the Swedish antenatal care services. However, the influence of cultural factors in explaining the socioeconomic differences in smoking during pregnancy is not clear among the immigrant women. The aim of this study was to invest...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-10-374
更新日期：2010-06-26 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The World Health Organization prioritises a more holistic global response to end the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030. Based on experiences in the HIV response, social protection, and in particular cash transfers, show promise for contributing to this. Currently, individual-level evidence for the potential...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-018-5962-z
更新日期：2018-08-22 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although body fat percent (BF%) may be used for screening metabolic risk factors, its accuracy compared to BMI and waist circumference is unknown in a Mexican population. We compared the classification accuracy of BF%, BMI and WC for the detection of metabolic risk factors in a sample of Mexican adults; opti...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-14-341
更新日期：2014-04-10 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Many southern African countries are nearing the global goal of diagnosing 90% of people with HIV by 2020. In 2016, 84 and 86% of people with HIV knew their status in Malawi and Zimbabwe, respectively. However, gaps remain, particularly among men. We investigated awareness and use of, and willingness to self-...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-020-08855-7
更新日期：2020-05-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There is limited evidence concerning how active commuting (AC) is associated with health benefits in young. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between AC to and from campus (walking) and obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a sample of Colombian university students. METHODS:A total of ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-018-5450-5
更新日期：2018-04-19 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Increases in the number of salmonellosis cases due to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in 2010 and 2011 prompted a public health investigation in Ontario, Canada. In this report, we describe the current epidemiology of travel-related (TR) SE, compare demographics, symptoms and phage types (PTs) of TR and domestic...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-310
更新日期：2012-05-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The implementation of an integrated molecular surveillance (IMS) of tuberculosis (TB) is of high priority for TB control. IMS is defined as the systematic inclusion of molecular typing results in the national TB surveillance system. Although not standardized, an IMS of TB is already implemented in several lo...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-019-6631-6
更新日期：2019-03-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Consistent findings about the effectiveness of parent programs to prevent or reduce child maltreatment are lacking. METHODS:In the present meta-analysis we synthesized findings from 27 independent samples from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of 20 different intervention programs aim...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1186/s12889-015-2387-9
更新日期：2015-10-18 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The link between long working hours and health has been extensively studied for decades. Despite global concern regarding metabolic syndrome, however, no studies to date have solely evaluated the relationship between long working hours and that syndrome. We therefore examined the association between long wor...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-395
更新日期：2012-05-31 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The teaching profession is characterized by high levels of stress and physical complaints, which might be improved through regular participation in physical activity (PA). However, the effect of PA on mental and physical health is not always consistent and depends on the type of PA performed. The aim of this...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-14-534
更新日期：2014-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To study costs and outcome for serious hand and arm injuries during the first year after the trauma. METHODS:In patients with a Hand Injury Severity Score (HISS) > 50, DASH and EQ-5D scores as well as factors related to costs within the health care sector, costs due to lost production and total costs were e...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-13-501
更新日期：2013-05-24 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Financial incentives are widely used strategies to alleviate poverty, foster development, and improve health. Cash transfer programs, microcredit, user fee removal policies and voucher schemes that provide direct or indirect monetary incentives to households have been used for decades in Latin America, Sub-S...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S30
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We investigated the associations between education and leisure-time, occupational, sedentary and total physical-activity levels based on data from the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES98). The roles of income level, occupational status and other mediating variables for thes...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-1079
更新日期：2012-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Previous studies suggest that immigration may influence the experience of pain. OBJECTIVE:This population-based study examines whether immigration status is associated with chronic pain (CP), chronic widespread pain (CWSP), and severe CP at a two-year follow-up. We also tested mediation by mood status (i.e....
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-020-09546-z
更新日期：2020-09-29 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Ghana has reached an advanced stage of nutrition transition, contributing to an increase in nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, particularly amongst urban women. Community involvement is an important factor in the success of efforts to promote healthy eating. The readiness of populations to accept a...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-019-6989-5
更新日期：2019-05-28 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Most smokers do not use smoking cessation (SC) services although it increases successful quits. Passive referral providing SC information to smokers is commonly used in SC studies. Little was known about active referral in the community setting. This study aims to motivate community smokers to quit by brief ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1186/s12889-016-3084-z
更新日期：2016-05-11 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Data are lacking on type of e-liquid vaped among e-cigarette users. Further, few studies assess all sources of nicotine used by e-cigarette users to assess whether poly-nicotine use relates to nicotine dependence (ND). The objectives were to describe young adult e-cigarette users by: (i) type of e-liquid vap...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-020-09056-y
更新日期：2020-06-12 00:00:00
