"An unnecessary cut?" multilevel health systems analysis of drivers of caesarean sections rates in Italy: a systematic review.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Improvements in medical technologies have seen over-medicalization of childbirth. Caesarean section (CS) is a lifesaving procedure proven effective in reducing maternal and perinatal mortality across the globe. However, as with any medical procedure, the CS intrinsically carries some risk to its beneficiaries. In recent years, CS rates have risen alarmingly in high-income countries. Many exceeding the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation of a 10 to 15% annual CS rate. While this situation poses an increased risk to women and their children, it also represents an excess human and financial burden on health systems. Therefore, from a health system perspective this study systematically summarizes existing evidence relevant to the factors driving the phenomenon of increasing CS rates using Italy as a case study. METHODS:Employing the WHO Health System Framework (WHOHSF), this systematic review used the PRISMA guidelines to report findings. PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases were searched up until April 1, 2020. Findings were organised through the six dimensions of the WHOHSF framework: service delivery, health workforce, health system information; medical products vaccine and technologies, financing; and leadership and governance. RESULTS:CS rates in Italy are affected by complex interactions among several stakeholder groups and contextual factors such as the hyper-medicalisation of delivery, differences in policy and practice across units and the national context, issues pertaining to the legal and social environment, and women's attitudes towards pregnancy and childbirth. CONCLUSION:Mitigating the high rates of CS will require a synergistic multi-stakeholder intervention. Specifically, with processes able to attract the official endorsement of policy makers, encourage concensus between regional authorities and local governments and guide the systematic compliance of delivery units with its clinical guidelines. ANTECEDENTES:La cesárea (CS) es un procedimiento que salva vidas y que ha demostrado su eficacia en la reducción de la mortalidad materna y perinatal en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, como cualquier procedimiento médico, la cesárea intrínsecamente conlleva cierto riesgo para sus beneficiarias, especialmente para aquellas que clínicamente no la requieren. La OMS recomienda una tasa de 10–15% de CS como estándar de buena práctica obstétrica. Sin embargo, en muchos países desarrollados el número de CS realizado por año continúa aumentando exponencialmente presionando los recursos limitados de los sistemas de salud. Si bien esta situación expone a las mujeres y a sus fetos a un mayor riesgo quirúrgico, también representa una excesiva carga financiera para los sistemas de salud. TEMA: Utilizando el Framework del Sistema de Salud de la OMS (WHOHSF) y utilizando a Italia como referencia, esta revisión tiene como objetivo resaltar las circunstancias que determinan la excesiva tasa de CS observada en muchos países desarrollados. Analizamos el problema a través de las seis dimensiones del WHOHSF: prestación de servicios, personal sanitario, información del sistema de salud; productos médicos, vacunas y tecnologías, financiación; y liderazgo y gobernanza. Las tasas de CS en Italia se ven afectadas por una compleja interacción entre varios grupos de interés y factores como la ‘hiper-medicalización’ de la prestación, las diferencias en las políticas y prácticas entre las unidades y en el contexto nacional, cuestiones relativas al entorno legal y social junto con las actitudes de las mujeres hacia el embarazo y el parto. CONCLUSIóN: La reducción de las altas tasas de CS requerirá una intervención sinérgica que incluya a las partes interesadas en todos los niveles. Específicamente, intervenciones capaces de atraer el respaldo oficial de los responsables políticos, una alineación de puntos de vista entre las autoridades regionales y los gobiernos locales, y un cumplimiento sistemático de las directrices clínicas por parte de las unidades de prestación de servicios. ABSTRAKT:HINTERGRUND: Der Kaiserschnitt (CS) ist ein lebensrettendes Verfahren, das sich als wirksam erwiesen hat, um die mütterliche und perinatale Sterblichkeit weltweit zu reduzieren. Wie bei jedem medizinischen Verfahren birgt die CS jedoch ein gewisses Risiko für die Betroffenen, insbesondere für diejenigen, die sie medizinisch nicht benötigen. Die WHO empfiehlt eine Rate von 10–15% CS als Standard für gute geburtshilfliche Praxis. In vielen entwickelten Ländern steigt die Zahl der jährlich durchgeführten CS jedoch weiterhin exponentiell an und setzt die begrenzten Ressourcen der Gesundheitssysteme unter Druck. Während diese Situation Frauen und ihre ungeborenen Babys einem erhöhten Operationsrisiko aussetzt, stellt sie auch eine übermäßige finanzielle Belastung für die Gesundheitssysteme dar. MAIN BODY:Unter Anwendung des WHO Health System Framework (WHOHSF) und am Beispiel Italiens soll diese Übersicht die Umstände aufzeigen, die der in vielen Industrieländern beobachteten übermäßigen CS-Anzahl zugrunde liegen. Wir analysieren das Problem anhand der sechs Dimensionen des WHOHSF: Leistungserbringung, Gesundheitspersonal, Informationen über das Gesundheitssystem; medizinische Produkte, Impfstoffe und Technologien, Finanzierung sowie Führung und Kontrolle. In Italien werden die CS-Raten durch ein komplexes Zusammenspiel verschiedener Interessengruppen und Faktoren beeinflusst, wie z.B. die “Hyper-Medizinalisierung” der Entbindung, Abweichungen in Theroie und Praxis zwischen den Abteilungen und im nationalen Kontext, Fragen des rechtlichen und sozialen Umfelds sowie die Einstellung der Frauen zu Schwangerschaft und Geburt. FAZIT:Um die hohen Raten der CS zu verringern, ist ein synergetisches Vorgehen unter Einbeziehung der Beteiligten auf allen Ebenen erforderlich. Insbesondere sind Interventionen erforderlich, die die offizielle Zustimmung der politischen Entscheidungsträger finden, eine Abstimmung der Standpunkte zwischen regionalen und lokalen Behörden und eine systematische Einhaltung der klinischen Leitlinien durch die Geburtenstationen.

authors

Laurita Longo V,Odjidja EN,Beia TK,Neri M,Kielmann K,Gittardi I,Di Rosa AI,Boldrini M,Melis GB,Scambia G,Lanzone A

doi

10.1186/s12884-020-03462-1

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2020-12-10 00:00:00

pages

770

issue

1

issn

1471-2393

pii

10.1186/s12884-020-03462-1

journal_volume

20

pub_type

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