Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Although desperate need and drug counterfeiting are linked in developing countries, little research has been carried out to address this link, and there is a lack of proper tools and methodology. This study addresses the need for a new methodological approach by developing a scale to aid in understanding the demand side of drug counterfeiting in a developing country. METHODS:The study presents a quantitative, non-representative survey conducted in Sudan. A face-to-face structured interview survey methodology was employed to collect the data from the general population (people in the street) in two phases: pilot (n = 100) and final survey (n = 1003). Data were analyzed by examining means, variances, squared multiple correlations, item-to-total correlations, and the results of an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS:As an approach to scale purification, internal consistency was examined and improved. The scale was reduced from 44 to 41 items and Cronbach's alpha improved from 0.818 to 0.862. Finally, scale items were assessed. The result was an eleven-factor solution. Convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated. CONCLUSION:The results of this study indicate that the "Consumer Behavior Toward Counterfeit Drugs Scale" is a valid, reliable measure with a solid theoretical base. Ultimately, the study offers public health policymakers a valid measurement tool and, consequently, a new methodological approach with which to build a better understanding of the demand side of counterfeit drugs and to develop more effective strategies to combat the problem.
journal_name
BMC Public Healthjournal_title
BMC public healthauthors
Alfadl AA,Ibrahim MI,Hassali MAdoi
10.1186/1471-2458-13-829subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-09-11 00:00:00pages
829issn
1471-2458pii
1471-2458-13-829journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章abstract：BACKGROUND:Individuals' stress in responding to the current COVID-19 pandemic may be exacerbated by information uncertainty driven by inconsistent, unverified, and conflicting news from various sources. The current study aims to test if information uncertainty during the COVID-19 outbreak was related to acute stress di...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-020-09952-3
更新日期：2020-12-07 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In China, thousands of children die from unintentional injury each year: the incidence rate of injury is from 19.4 to 64.3% which is the leading cause of mortality for children. An important factor to injury may be inadequate supervision. Thus, a linguistic and culturally appropriated, validated instrument t...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-019-7362-4
更新日期：2019-09-02 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Between 2011 and 2015, Men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for nearly half of new HIV cases among men in Israel. This study carries out a cost-utility analysis of PrEP (HIV Pre Exposure Prophylaxis), an antiretroviral medication that can protect against the acquisition of HIV infection, whose incidence...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-020-8334-4
更新日期：2020-02-27 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Postcode lotteries in health refer to differences in health care between different geographic areas. These have been previously associated with clinical services. However there has been little documentation of postcode lotteries relating to preventative health care services. This paper describes a postcode l...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-11-738
更新日期：2011-09-28 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Currently in Australia there is a lack of clarity regarding routine assessment of primary school aged children's weight status despite it being the first step in the identification of overweight and obesity. The National Health and Medical Research Council Obesity Guidelines recommend primary health care pro...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-019-7539-x
更新日期：2019-08-30 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Levels of physical activity remain low, particularly in deprived areas. Improving the street environment to promote walking for transport using a community engagement approach is a potential strategy to increase physical activity. An understanding of the implementation of this intervention approach is needed...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-017-4637-5
更新日期：2017-08-14 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Sport participation has been associated with improved life prospects such as academic performance and employability prospects. As such, promoting sport participation might be a way to increase life prospects, especially for socially vulnerable youth because they are less physically active than their peers. H...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-14-703
更新日期：2014-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The study investigated whether perceived social support varied among children who have lost their parents to AIDS, those who have lost their parents to other causes, those who are living with HIV/AIDS-infected caregivers and children from intact families (comparison group). METHOD:This study employed cross-...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-015-1856-5
更新日期：2015-06-06 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Initiating and maintaining a healthy lifestyle -including healthy eating and sufficient physical activity- is key for cardiometabolic health. A health-promoting environment can facilitate a healthy lifestyle, and may be especially helpful to reach individuals with a lower socio-economic status (SES). In the ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-018-5839-1
更新日期：2018-07-20 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Cancer is the greatest disease burden in Korea. Cancer screening can reduce the burden of cancer but cancer screening rates among Koreans remain low. The purposes of this study were to a) understand Koreans' beliefs and knowledge about cancer screening, and b) explore preferred strategies for increasing canc...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-018-5147-9
更新日期：2018-02-14 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Congenital syphilis is a major public health concern, even after the implementation of intervention protocols in several countries. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and socio-demographic, behavioral and institutional factors associated with syphilis in parturient women attending public maternity ho...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-13-206
更新日期：2013-03-07 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The prevalence of malnutrition among children in developing countries is very high. As a step towards reducing the prevalence of malnutrition, there is a need to identify the important determinants of malnutrition in the specific population so that preventive and control measures can be implemented. The obje...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-018-5124-3
更新日期：2018-02-26 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Family planning is an integral component of maternal and child health services in Ghana. Although knowledge on contraception is universal and most women attend maternal and child health services, contraceptive use remains low among women after delivery. This study aimed to determine factors influencing curre...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-017-4641-9
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Being female is a strong predictor of health promoting behaviours. Workplaces show great potential for lifestyle interventions, but such interventions do not necessarily take the gendered background of lifestyle behaviours into account. A perspective analyzing how masculine gender norms affect health promoti...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-10-712
更新日期：2010-11-19 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Since 2013, the number of violent crimes and offences by sharp instruments have increased continually, following a previous decrease, with majority of cases occurring among young people and in London. There is limited understanding surrounding the drivers influencing this change in trends, with mostly Americ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-020-09498-4
更新日期：2020-09-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Scientific evidence supports decision-making on the use of implantable medical devices (IMDs) in clinical practice, but IMDs are thought to be far less investigated than drugs. In the USA, studies have shown that approval process of high-risk medical devices was often based on insufficiently robust studies, ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-585
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:As the world's largest developing country, China has entered into the epidemiological phase characterized by high life expectancy and high morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and malignant tumors have become the leading causes of dea...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-988
更新日期：2012-11-16 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Emotional abuse is central to other forms of abuse. The primary objective of this paper was to estimate the prevalence of emotional abuse among pupils in basic education schools and the risk factors associated with it in Aden governorate, Yemen. METHODS:Four districts were randomly selected from across the ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-647
更新日期：2012-08-13 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this paper is to provide the rationale for an evaluation design for a complex intervention program targeting loneliness among non-institutionalized elderly people in a Dutch community. Complex public health interventions characteristically use the combined approach of intervening on the individual...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-10-552
更新日期：2010-09-13 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Métis are descendants of early 17th century relationships between North American Indians and Europeans. This study's objectives were: (1) to compare the health status of the Métis people to all other residents of Manitoba, Canada; and (2) to analyze factors in predicting the likelihood of diabetes and relate...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-11-814
更新日期：2011-10-19 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Recent improvements in life expectancy in many countries stem from reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer above the age of 60. This is the combined result of decreased incidence and improved survival among those with disease. The latter has led to a higher proportion in the population of pe...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-020-09631-3
更新日期：2020-10-07 00:00:00
abstract：CORRECTION:After publication of the article [1], it has been brought to our attention that an incorrect reference has been used in this article, both in the main body and additional file 2. The reference in question is #105 in the main body and #74 in additional file 2. Here it is cited as "Lindsay H, Brussoni M. Injur...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi：10.1186/s12889-017-4981-5
更新日期：2017-12-29 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The international community strongly advocates the implementation of multi-sectoral surveillance policies for an effective approach to antibiotic resistance, in line with the One Health concept. To comply with these international recommendations, the Vietnamese government has issued an inter-ministerial surv...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-018-6022-4
更新日期：2018-09-24 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Sarcomas are rare tumors (1-2% of all cancers) of mesenchymal origin that may develop in soft tissues and viscera. Since the International Classification of Disease (ICD) attributes visceral sarcomas (VS) to the organ of origin, the incidence of sarcoma is grossly underestimated. The rarity of the disease an...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-10-188
更新日期：2010-04-12 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection ranges from 30 to 90 % in developed countries. Reliable estimates of HCMV seroprevalence are not available for Pakistan. This study determined the seroprevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with HCMV infection in adult populations of Ka...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-016-3772-8
更新日期：2016-10-22 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Childhood intelligence predicts mortality throughout most of the life span. However, it is unknown whether its effect persists into advanced old age. METHODS:The Aberdeen Birth Cohort born in 1921 (n = 354) and that had an IQ test as part of the national Scottish Mental Survey of 1932 were seen in 1997 at a...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-8-307
更新日期：2008-09-10 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Bullying and victimization are widespread phenomena in childhood and can have a serious impact on well-being. Children from families with a low socioeconomic background have an increased risk of this behaviour, but it is unknown whether socioeconomic status (SES) of school neighbourhoods is also related to b...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-12-494
更新日期：2012-07-02 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Cycling is important for health, transport, environmental and economic reasons. Newspaper reporting of cycling reflects and can influence public and policy maker attitudes towards resource allocation for cycling and cycling infrastructure, yet such coverage has not been systematically examined. METHODS:The ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/1471-2458-10-371
更新日期：2010-06-25 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There is robust evidence that regular physical activity (PA) has positive health effects. However, the best PA methods and the most important correlates for promoting PA remain unclear. Physical activity on prescription (PAP) aims to increase the patient's motivation for and level of PA. This study investiga...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-019-6830-1
更新日期：2019-05-02 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Health risk behaviours often co-occur in adolescence. This may be partially explained by a set of common risk and protective factors. The current study examines the association between risk behaviours throughout adolescence and identifies common risk factors for multiple risk behaviour in late adolescence. ...
journal_title：BMC public health
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1186/s12889-016-3120-z
更新日期：2016-05-31 00:00:00
