Extreme precision in rhythmic interaction is enabled by role-optimized sensorimotor coupling: analysis and modelling of West African drum ensemble music.

abstract：:Insecticide resistance genes have developed in a wide variety of insects in response to heavy chemical application. Few of these examples of adaptation in response to rapid environmental change have been studied both at the population level and at the gene level. One of these is the evolution of the overproduced ester...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Raymond M,Chevillon C,Guillemaud T,Lenormand T,Pasteur N

更新日期：1998-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The analysis of the DNA of ancient micro-organisms in archaeological and palaeontological human remains can contribute to the understanding of issues as different as the spreading of a new disease, a mummification process or the effect of diets on historical human populations. The quest for this type of DNA, however, ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Rollo F,Marota I

更新日期：1999-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of caged-Ca2+ compounds to stimulate Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis has substantially increased our understanding of this complex process. By this approach, the existence of multiple kinetic components of exocytosis has been established. These components may correspond to a series of sequential steps that lead to...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Kasai H,Takahashi N

更新日期：1999-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The neuromuscular junction is a specialized synapse in that every action potential in the presynaptic nerve terminal results in an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane, unlike most interneuronal synapses where a single presynaptic input makes only a small contribution to the population postsynaptic response. ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Han B,Fischbach GD

更新日期：1999-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Beijerinck's (1898) recognition that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was a novel kind of pathogen became the breakthrough which eventually led to the establishment of virology as a science. Research on this agent, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), has continued to be at the forefront of virology for the past century. Af...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Harrison BD,Wilson TM

更新日期：1999-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The replication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA involves synthesis of a negative-strand RNA using the genomic positive-strand RNA as a template, followed by the synthesis of positive-strand RNA on the negative-strand RNA templates. Intermediates of replication isolated from infected cells include completely double-s...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Buck KW

更新日期：1999-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The relationship between infection with the four major serotypes of dengue virus and the occurrence of different forms of disease is complex and not fully understood. Interpreting longitudinal records of the incidence of serious disease to gain insight into the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of the virus is th...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Ferguson NM,Donnelly CA,Anderson RM

更新日期：1999-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The balance of standing humans is usually explained by the inverted pendulum model. The subject invokes a horizontal ground-reaction force in this model and controls it by changing the location of the centre of pressure under the foot or feet. In experiments I showed that humans are able to stand on a ridge of only a ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Otten E

更新日期：1999-05-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Huntingtin was localized by using a series of antibodies that detected different areas of the protein from the immediate N-terminus to the C-terminal region of the protein. The more C-terminal antibodies gave a cytoplasmic localization in neurons of the brain in controls and cases of Huntington's disease (HD). The N-t...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Jones AL

更新日期：1999-06-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Different aspects of expanded polyglutamine tracts and of their pathogenetic role are taken into consideration here. (i) The (CAG)n length of wild-type alleles of the Huntington disease gene was analysed in instability-prone tumour tissue from colon cancer patients to test whether the process leading to the elongation...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Frontali M,Novelletto A,Annesi G,Jodice C

更新日期：1999-06-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Spatial visual attention modulates the first negative-going deflection in the human averaged event-related potential (ERP) in response to visual target and non-target stimuli (the N1 complex). Here we demonstrate a decomposition of N1 into functionally independent subcomponents with functionally distinct relations to ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Makeig S,Westerfield M,Townsend J,Jung TP,Courchesne E,Sejnowski TJ

更新日期：1999-07-29 00:00:00

abstract：:It is unclear that we will come to a better understanding of mental processes simply by observing which neural loci are activated while subjects perform a task. Rather, I suggest here that it is better to come armed with a question that directs one to design tasks in ways that take advantage of the strengths of neuroi...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Kosslyn SM

更新日期：1999-07-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Although neural transplantation has made a relatively successful transition from the animal laboratory to human neurosurgery for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, the use of human embryonic brain tissue as the source of transplants raises difficult ethical and practical problems. These are likely to impede the wid...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Gray JA,Hodges H,Sinden J

更新日期：1999-08-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is fundamental to cell cycle progression. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a mitotic cyclin (Cdc13), a key cell cycle regulator, is degraded for exiting mitosis, while Cut2 has to be destroyed for the onset of sister chromatid separation in anaphase. Ubiquitination of thes...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Yanagida M,Yamashita YM,Tatebe H,Ishii K,Kumada K,Nakaseko Y

更新日期：1999-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:This review first addresses several general aspects of the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Next, two approved immunomodulatory treatments, interferon-beta and copolymer-1 (glatiramer acetate), are reviewed in more detail. Finally, other immunosuppressive therapies and experimental strategies are briefly discussed...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Hohlfeld R

更新日期：1999-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:In discussing artificial intelligence and neuroscience, I will focus on two themes. The first is the universality of cycles (or loops): sets of variables that affect each other in such a way that any feed-forward account of causality and control, while informative, is misleading. The second theme is based around the o...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Bell AJ

更新日期：1999-12-29 00:00:00

abstract：:In many studies of the mammalian brain, subjective assessments of connectivity patterns and connection strengths have been used to subdivide the cortex into separate but linked areas and to make deductions about the flow of information through the cortical network. Here we describe the results of applying statistical ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Hilgetag CC,Grant S

更新日期：2000-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is a major prostanoid in the brains of rats and other mammals, including humans. When PGD synthase (PGDS), the enzyme that produces PGD2 in the brain, was inhibited by the intracerebroventricular infusion of its selective inhibitors, i.e. tetravalent selenium compounds, the amount of sleep decrea...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Hayaishi O

更新日期：2000-02-29 00:00:00

abstract：:We use simple mathematical models to examine the dynamics of primary and secondary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to viral infections. In particular, we are interested in conditions required to resolve the infection and to protect the host upon secondary challenge. While protection against reinfection is only ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Wodarz D,Page KM,Arnaout RA,Thomsen AR,Lifson JD,Nowak MA

更新日期：2000-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The functional units of immune response are lymphocyte clones. Analysis of lymphocyte life span in vivo shows that the overall turnover of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes does not differ greatly. Recently, molecular methods have been developed which allow a global analysis of T-cell clones responding to an antigen in vivo. We...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Beverley PC,Maini MK

更新日期：2000-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:A single molecule of F1-ATPase is by itself a rotary motor in which a central gamma-subunit rotates against a surrounding cylinder made of alpha3beta3-subunits. Driven by the three betas that sequentially hydrolyse ATP, the motor rotates in discrete 120 degree steps, as demonstrated in video images of the movement of ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Kinosita K Jr,Yasuda R,Noji H,Adachi K

更新日期：2000-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative facultatively intracellular pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. More than one million deaths occur yearly due to infections with Shigella spp. and the victims are mostly children of the developing world. The pathogenesis of Shigella centres on the ability of thi...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Philpott DJ,Edgeworth JD,Sansonetti PJ

更新日期：2000-05-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Various genetic mechanisms including point mutations, genetic rearrangements and lateral gene transfer processes contribute to the evolution of microbes. Long-term processes leading to the development of new species or subspecies are termed macroevolution, and short-term developments, which occur during days or weeks,...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Morschhäuser J,Köhler G,Ziebuhr W,Blum-Oehler G,Dobrindt U,Hacker J

更新日期：2000-05-29 00:00:00

abstract：:An analysis of the current state of knowledge of symbiotic fungal associations in 'lower' plants is provided. Three fungal phyla, the Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, are involved in forming these associations, each producing a distinctive suite of structural features in well-defined groups of 'lower' plants....

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Read DJ,Ducket JG,Francis R,Ligron R,Russell A

更新日期：2000-06-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The problems associated with the detection of sounds and other mechanical disturbances in the aquatic environment differ greatly from those associated with airborne sounds. The differences are primarily due to the incompressibility of water and the corresponding increase in importance of the acoustic near field. The n...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Braun CB,Coombs S

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The tubular eye of scopelarchids contains a lens pad, derived from cornea, lateral to the lens and opposite a gap in the iris. The pad, transparent in life, is formed of optically dense lamellae arranged at ca. 45 degrees to the sagittal plane of the fish. The lamellae are ca. 155 nm thick, separated by ca. 185 nm. Th...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Locket NA

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The olfactory organs from the squid Lolliguncula brevis are composed of a pseudostratified epithelium containing five morphological subtypes of chemosensory neurons and ciliated support cells. Physiological recordings have been made from two of the subtypes and only the type 4 neuron has been studied in detail. Odour-...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Lucero MT,Huang W,Dang T

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The compound eyes of mantis shrimps (stomatopod crustaceans) include an unparalleled diversity of visual pigments and spectral receptor classes in retinas of each species. We compared the visual pigment and spectral receptor classes of 12 species of gonodactyloid stomatopods from a variety of photic environments, from...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Cronin TW,Marshall NJ,Caldwell RL

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The multiple events at the transition from non-craniate invertebrate ancestors to craniates included the gain and/or elaboration of migratory neural crest and neurogenic placodes. These tissues give rise to the peripherally located, bipolar neurons of all non-visual sensory systems. The brain was also elaborated at or...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Butler AB

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Y chromosomes are genetically degenerate, having lost most of the active genes that were present in their ancestors. The causes of this degeneration have attracted much attention from evolutionary theorists. Four major theories are reviewed here: Muller's ratchet, background selection, the Hill Robertson effect with w...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Charlesworth B,Charlesworth D

更新日期：2000-11-29 00:00:00