Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Online pharmacies are companies that sell pharmaceutical preparations, including prescription-only drugs, on the Internet. Very little is known about this phenomenon because many online pharmacies operate from remote countries, where legal bases and business practices are largely inaccessible to international research. OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study was to perform an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the scientific literature focusing on the broader picture of online pharmacies by scanning several scientific and institutional databases, with no publication time limits. METHODS:We searched 4 electronic databases up to January 2011 and the gray literature on the Internet using the Google search engine and its tool Google Scholar. We also investigated the official websites of institutional agencies (World Health Organization, and US and European centers for disease control and drug regulation authorities). We focused specifically on online pharmacies offering prescription-only drugs. We decided to analyze and report only articles with original data, in order to review all the available data regarding online pharmacies and their usage. RESULTS:We selected 193 relevant articles: 76 articles with original data, and 117 articles without original data (editorials, regulation articles, or the like) including 5 reviews. The articles with original data cover samples of online pharmacies in 47 cases, online drug purchases in 13, consumer characteristics in 15, and case reports on adverse effects of online drugs in 12. The studies show that random samples with no specific limits to prescription requirements found that at least some websites sold drugs without a prescription and that an online questionnaire was a frequent tool to replace prescription. Data about geographical characteristics show that this information can be concealed in many websites. The analysis of drug offer showed that online a consumer can get virtually everything. Regarding quality of drugs, researchers very often found inappropriate packaging and labeling, whereas the chemical composition usually was not as expected in a minority of the studies' samples. Regarding consumers, the majority of studies found that not more than 6% of the samples had bought drugs online. CONCLUSIONS:Online pharmacies are an important phenomenon that is continuing to spread, despite partial regulation, due to intrinsic difficulties linked to the impalpable and evanescent nature of the Web and its global dimension. To enhance the benefits and minimize the risks of online pharmacies, a 2-level approach could be adopted. The first level should focus on policy, with laws regulating the phenomenon at an international level. The second level needs to focus on the individual. This approach should aim to increase health literacy, required for making appropriate health choices, recognizing risks and making the most of the multitude of opportunities offered by the world of medicine 2.0.
journal_name
J Med Internet Resjournal_title
Journal of medical Internet researchauthors
Orizio G,Merla A,Schulz PJ,Gelatti Udoi
10.2196/jmir.1795subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-09-30 00:00:00pages
e74issue
3eissn
1439-4456issn
1438-8871pii
v13i3e74journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:The delivery of mobile health (mHealth) services is acceptable to mental health consumers. However, despite the benefits of accessibility, cost-effectiveness, anonymity, and ability to tailor content to individual needs, consumer engagement remains a hurdle for uptake and continued use. This may be unsurpris...
journal_title:Journal of medical Internet research
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更新日期:2017-04-07 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of medical Internet research
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abstract::[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/17595.]. ...
journal_title:Journal of medical Internet research
pub_type: 已发布勘误
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更新日期:2020-11-09 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of medical Internet research
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journal_title:Journal of medical Internet research
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abstract::[This corrects the article DOI: .]. ...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
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pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
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更新日期:2006-05-12 00:00:00
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