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Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms.

Abstract：

OBJECTIVES:Synthesize information on sleep patterns, sleep site use, and daytime predation at sleep sites in lorisiforms of Asia and Africa (10 genera, 36 species), and infer patterns of evolution of sleep site selection. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We conducted fieldwork in 12 African and six Asian countries, collecting data on sleep sites, timing of sleep and predation during daytime. We obtained additional information from literature and through correspondence. Using a phylogenetic approach, we established ancestral states of sleep site selection in lorisiforms and traced their evolution. RESULTS:The ancestral lorisiform was a fur-clinger and used dense tangles and branches/forks as sleep sites. Use of tree holes and nests as sleep sites emerged ∼22 Mya (range 17-26 Mya) in Africa, and use of bamboo emerged ∼11 (7-14) Mya in Asia and later in Africa. Fur clinging and some sleep sites (e.g., tree holes, nests, but not bamboo or dense tangles) show strong phylogenetic signal. Nests are used by Galagoides, Paragalago, Galago and Otolemur; tree holes by Galago, Paragalago, Sciurocheirus and Perodicticus; tangles by Nycticebus, Loris, Galagoides, Galago, Euoticus, Otolemur, Perodicticus and Arctocebus; all but Sciurocheirus and Otolemur additionally sleep on branches/forks. Daytime predation may affect sleep site selection and sleep patterns in some species of Nycticebus, Galago, Galagoides, Otolemur and Perodicticus. Most lorisiforms enter their sleep sites around sunrise and leave around sunset; several are active during twilight or, briefly, during daytime. CONCLUSION:Variations in sleep behavior, sleep patterns and vulnerability to daytime predation provide a window into the variation that was present in sleep in early primates. Overall, lorisiforms use the daytime for sleeping and no species can be classified as cathemeral or polycyclic.

journal_name

Am J Phys Anthropol

journal_title

American journal of physical anthropology

authors

Svensson MS,Nekaris KAI,Bearder SK,Bettridge CM,Butynski TM,Cheyne SM,Das N,de Jong YA,Luhrs AM,Luncz LV,Maddock ST,Perkin A,Pimley E,Poindexter SA,Reinhardt KD,Spaan D,Stark DJ,Starr CR,Nijman V

doi

10.1002/ajpa.23450

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2018-07-01 00:00:00

pages

563-577

issue

eissn

0002-9483

issn

1096-8644

journal_volume

166

pub_type

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Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms.