Abstract：
:The endogenous cannabinoid system is involved in numerous physiological and neuropsychological functions. Medications that target this system hold promise for the treatment of a wide variety of disorders. However, as reward is one of the most prominent of these functions, medications that activate this system must be evaluated for abuse potential. Meanwhile, cannabis is already being used chronically by millions of people, many of whom eventually seek treatment for cannabis dependence. Therefore, there is a need for procedures that can be used to: (i) better understand the mechanisms of cannabinoid reward; (ii) evaluate the abuse potential of new medications; and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of medications developed for treating cannabis dependence. Animal models of cannabinoid reward provide a means of accomplishing these goals. In this review, we briefly describe and evaluate these models, their advantages and their shortcomings. Special emphasis is placed on intravenous cannabinoid self-administration in squirrel monkeys, a valid, reliable and flexible model that we have developed over the past decade. Although the conditions under which cannabinoid drugs have rewarding effects may be more restricted than with other drugs of abuse such as cocaine and heroin, work with these models indicates that cannabinoid reward involves similar brain mechanisms and produces the same kinds of reward-related behaviour. By continuing to use these animal models as tools in the development of new medications, it should be possible to take advantage of the potential benefits provided by the endocannabinoid system while minimizing its potential for harm.
journal_name
Br J Pharmacoljournal_title
British journal of pharmacologyauthors
Panlilio LV,Justinova Z,Goldberg SRdoi
10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00775.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-06-01 00:00:00pages
499-510issue
3eissn
0007-1188issn
1476-5381pii
BPH775journal_volume
160pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:1 The rates at which tubocurarine associates with, and dissociates from, the nicotinic receptor, while exerting its classical competitive effect, are still in doubt. We have investigated this problem by observing the effect of low concentrations of tubocurarine on the re-equilibration rate, following a step change in ...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1982.tb08759.x
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Contraction of the rabbit isolated saphenous vein is mediated by a heterogeneous endothelin (ET) receptor population. This study has characterized these receptor subtypes by use of several pharmacologically distinct ET receptor agonists and antagonists. 2. ET-1, ET-3, sarafotoxin S6c (STXc) and [Ala3,11]ET-1 produc...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14936.x
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The ability of the putative, selective post-junctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, SK&F 104078 to antagonize the effects of structurally-diverse agonists at pre-junctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig ileum and rat vas deferens in vitro and in the rat heart in vivo, and at post-junctional alpha 2-ad...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12281.x
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The purpose of the present investigations was to determine the influence of increasing age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam in male BN/BiRij rats as an animal model of aging. 2. Midazolam was administered intravenously at a dose of 2.5 mg kg-1 and its pharmacokinetics were determined on the...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14482.x
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The interactions between two K+ channel openers, cromakalim and SR 44866 (infused i.v. at equihypotensive doses), and the sympathetic nervous system at the systemic and regional (mesentery, kidney, hindlimb) vascular levels were investigated in the pithed spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) by use of the pulsed Do...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb15846.x
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Interstitial lung disease accounts for a group of chronic and progressive disorders associated with severe pulmonary vascular remodelling, peripheral vascular rarefaction and fibrosis, thus limiting lung function. We have previously shown that Akt is necessary for myofibroblast differentiation, a...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.13203
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Melanocortins reverse circulatory shock and improve survival by counteracting the systemic inflammatory response, and through the activation of the vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. To gain insight into the potential therapeutic value of melanocortins against multiple or...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01098.x
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:alpha5IA (3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-6-[(1-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyloxy]-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine) is a triazolophthalazine with subnanomolar affinity for alpha1-, alpha2-, alpha3- and alpha5-containing GABA(A) receptors. Here we have evaluated the relationship between plasma alpha5...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00216.x
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1 The vasopressor response to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and to ((15S)-hydroxy-11 alpha, 9 alpha-(epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z, 13E-dienoic acid) (U-46619) in the canine isolated lung lobe was significantly attenuated following the administration of verapamil. 2 The pressor response to arachidonic acid (AA) was no...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb16777.x
更新日期：1981-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Kinins are pro-inflammatory peptides that are released during tissue injury, including that caused by inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, we assessed the role and underlying mechanisms through which the absence of kinin B(1) receptors exacerbates the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-i...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02136.x
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The aim of this study was to determine the conditions under which the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist UK14304 produces vasoconstriction in the porcine isolated ear artery. 2. UK14304 (0.3 microM) produced a small contraction of porcine isolated ear arteries which was 7.8+/-3.3% of the response to 60 mM KCl. Similar siz...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0701935
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We compared the modulation of synaptic transmission by adenosine A(1) receptors in the hippocampus of aged (24 months) and young adult rats (6 weeks). The adenosine A(1) receptor agonist, N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine, was less potent (P:<0.05) to inhibit synaptic transmission in aged (EC(50)=53 nM) than young adult (EC(5...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0703736
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. It has been suggested that the vasoconstrictor response to neuropeptide Y (NPY) is located in the microvessels and that it increases with reduced vessel diameter. The aim of the present study was to analyse quantitatively, on the cat gastrocnemius muscle preparation in vivo, the effects of NPY on total regional vas...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0700908
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. An investigation into the effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) and its pentapeptide analogue, pentagastrin, on neurones located in ventromedial nuclei of rat hypothalamic slices maintained in vitro has been undertaken. 2. CCK-8S (0.01-1.0 microM) applied in the perfusion medium produced a concentration-d...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11521.x
更新日期：1988-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. We studied the stereoselectivity of the effects of the enantiomers of the cardiotonic agent DPI 201-106 (4-[3'-(4"-benzhydryl-1"-piperazinyl)-2'-hydroxypropoxy]-1H-indole-2- carbonitrile, DPI) and its methyl-for-carbonitrile analogue BDF 8784 on cardiac calcium currents (ICa) of guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. The...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12456.x
更新日期：1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cysteamine (beta-mercaptoethylamine HCl) (1.0-40.0 mM) induced a concentration-dependent increase in tonic and phasic contractions of segments of guinea-pig ileum in vitro. Myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle (MPLM) preparations also responded with an increase in tonic contractions but phasic contractions were either...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb16475.x
更新日期：1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The metabolism and efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) and other fluorinated pyrimidine (FP) derivatives have been intensively investigated for over fifty years. FUra and its antimetabolites can be incorporated at RNA- and DNA-levels, with RNA level incorporation provoking toxic responses in human normal tissue, and DNA...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00423.x
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Neurogenic responses to transmural electrical stimulation were examined in endothelium-denuded extrameningeal (vertebral and carotid) and intrameningeal (spinal, basilar and middle cerebral) arteries isolated from dogs. 2. In the extrameningeal arteries, transmural electrical stimulation produced a phasic contracti...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb17207.x
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effects of inhaled platelet-activating factor (PAF) on responsiveness of the human nasal airway were examined in normal subjects by measuring nasal airway resistance in response to histamine and bradykinin at 2, 6, 24, 48 h and 7 d after PAF administration. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in nasal secretions ...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13779.x
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Alterations in the tyrosine kinase enzyme RET are found in thyroid and lung cancer. While RET TK inhibitors (TKIs) are used to treat thyroid cancer and are in clinical trials for RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer, the impact of mutations in the RET kinase domain on drug sensitivity i...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.14395
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:S-nitrosothiols have a number of potential clinical applications, among which their use as antithrombotic agents has been emphasized. This is largely because of their well-documented platelet inhibitory effects, which show a degree of platelet selectivity, although the mechanism of this remains undefined. Recent progr...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00670.x
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Histamine contracted the tracheal and major bronchial muscles of sheep and relaxed the muscles of the lesser bronchi and bronchioles.2. The stimulant action of histamine on the trachea was antagonized by mepyramine, whereas the relaxant effect on the bronchial tree was not.3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine contracted the musc...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07997.x
更新日期：1969-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. An investigation has been made of the effects of cadmium and zinc ions upon the contractile response of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to methacholine, histamine, potassium ion and a.c. field stimulation. The metal ions depress the response to all of these agents.2. Radioisotope studies showed that cadmium and zinc ...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb08046.x
更新日期：1971-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:(1) Here, we introduce a beta-casomorphin-5-derived cyclic pentapeptide, cCD-2 (Tyr-cyclo[d-Orn-Tyr(Bzl)-Pro-Gly]), which inhibits the cell growth of a variety of human cancer cell lines. (2) This opioid-derived peptide possesses only low affinity for mu-receptors, but enhances the agonist binding to mu-receptors in v...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0705416
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:A non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), shows promising results as an effective potential antiepileptic drug in some forms of refractory epilepsy. To elucidate the mechanisms by which CBD exerts its anti-seizure effects, we investigated its effects at synaptic connections and on t...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.14202
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation is associated with scarring, an important issue in corneal surgery. Moxifloxacin (MOX), commonly applied to prevent post-operative infection, would benefit more if it modifies fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation other than antimicrobial activity...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.12015
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Marijuana smoking is widespread in many countries, and the use of smoked synthetic cannabinoids is increasing. Smoking a marijuana joint leads to bronchodilation in both healthy subjects and asthmatics. The effects of Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic cannabinoids on human bronchus reactiv...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.12597
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Studies in rats suggest that PACAP modulates gastric acid secretion through the release of both histamine and somatostatin. 2. We characterized the effects of exogenous PACAP on gastric acid secretion in urethane-anesthetized mice implanted with a gastric cannula and in conscious 2-h pylorus ligated mice, and deter...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0705739
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Orexins have been demonstrated to play important roles in many physiological processes. However, it is not known how orexin A affects the activity of the hypoglossal motoneuron (HMN) and genioglossus (GG) muscle. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:GG muscle electromyograms (GG-EMG) were recorded in anaesthet...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.12784
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1 Release of [3H]-noradrenaline and 3H-purine by ouabain (10(-4)M) or high KCl (50 mM) was investigated in the superfused rabbit pulmonary arterial segment preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline or [3H]-adenosine. 2 Ouabain elicited a delayed large contraction and a parallel [3H]-noradrenaline efflux. These were substan...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1982.tb09340.x
更新日期：1982-12-01 00:00:00
