Abstract：
:This paper analyses the demarcation problem from the perspective of four philosophers: Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. To Popper, pseudoscience uses induction to generate theories, and only performs experiments to seek to verify them. To Popper, falsifiability is what determines the scientific status of a theory. Taking a historical approach, Kuhn observed that scientists did not follow Popper's rule, and might ignore falsifying data, unless overwhelming. To Kuhn, puzzle-solving within a paradigm is science. Lakatos attempted to resolve this debate, by suggesting history shows that science occurs in research programmes, competing according to how progressive they are. The leading idea of a programme could evolve, driven by its heuristic to make predictions that can be supported by evidence. Feyerabend claimed that Lakatos was selective in his examples, and the whole history of science shows there is no universal rule of scientific method, and imposing one on the scientific community impedes progress. These positions are used in turn, to examine the scientific status of therapeutic touch theory. The paper concludes that imposing a single rule of method can impede progress, in the face of multiple epistemologies, and the choice of scientific approach should be a pragmatic one based on the aims of the programme.
journal_name
Int J Nurs Practjournal_title
International journal of nursing practiceauthors
Newbold D,Roberts Jdoi
10.1111/j.1440-172X.2007.00646.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-12-01 00:00:00pages
324-30issue
6eissn
1322-7114issn
1440-172Xpii
IJN646journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The aim of this paper is to report a study exploring aspects of teenage pregnant women relationships with the fathers of their unborn children within the context of two contrasting demographic areas of the UK. The perceptions of teenage pregnant women on how they view their relationship with the fathers of their unbor...
journal_title：International journal of nursing practice
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journal_title：International journal of nursing practice
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journal_title：International journal of nursing practice
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of nursing practice
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