Cross-frequency coupling explains the preference for simple ratios in rhythmic behaviour and the relative stability across non-synchronous patterns.

abstract：:The internal phylogeny of the 'myriapod' class Chilopoda is evaluated for 12 species belonging to the five extant centipede orders, using 18S rDNA complete gene sequence and 28S rDNA partial gene sequence data. Equally and differentially weighted parsimony, neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood were used for phylog...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Giribet G,Carranza S,Riutort M,Baguñà J,Ribera C

更新日期：1999-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The increase in proportion of the non-biological (D-) isomer of aspartic acid (Asp) relative to the L-isomer has been widely used in archaeology and geochemistry as a tool for dating. the method has proved controversial, particularly when used for bones. The non-linear kinetics of Asp racemization have prompted a numb...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Collins MJ,Waite ER,van Duin AC

更新日期：1999-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles is triggered by voltage-gated calcium influx through P/Q-type or N-type calcium channels. Purification of N-type channels from rat brain synaptosomes initially suggested molecular interactions between calcium channels and two key proteins implicated in exocytosis: synapt...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Seagar M,Lévêque C,Charvin N,Marquèze B,Martin-Moutot N,Boudier JA,Boudier JL,Shoji-Kasai Y,Sato K,Takahashi M

更新日期：1999-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:alpha-latrotoxin (LTX) stimulates massive release of neurotransmitters by binding to a heptahelical transmembrane protein, latrophilin. Our experiments demonstrate that latrophilin is a G-protein-coupled receptor that specifically associates with heterotrimeric G proteins. The latrophilin-G protein complex is very sta...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Rahman MA,Ashton AC,Meunier FA,Davletov BA,Dolly JO,Ushkaryov YA

更新日期：1999-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper is a historical overview of the work done on the tobacco mosaic virus. The primary finding was that a virus is capable of reassembling itself from its component protein and RNA, and that only the RNA carries the genomic capability of the virus. This was followed by detailed studies of the chemical and biolo...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Fraenkel-Conrat H,Singer B

更新日期：1999-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a growing realization that a modern combination of molecular biology and agriculture will provide a photosynthetic basis for the biosynthesis of an increasing variety of complex and valuable molecules. This 'greening' of biotechnology may impact on the global environment in many beneficial ways, but will perh...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Turpen TH

更新日期：1999-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:We have shown that among pathogens, populations may self-organize into strains with non-overlapping repertoires of antigenic variants as a consequence of strong immune selection operating on polymorphic antigens. Recently, we have also demonstrated that over a wide range of intermediate levels of immune selection, pat...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Gupta S,Galvani A

更新日期：1999-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:An understanding of the epidemiology of a disease is central in evaluating the health impact and cost-effectiveness of control interventions. The epidemiology of life-threatening malaria is receiving renewed interest, with concerns that the implementation of preventive measures such as insecticide-treated bednets (ITN...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Guyatt HL,Snow RW,Evans DB

更新日期：1999-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:We have shown previously by electron microscopy that the purified glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Huntington's disease (HD) exon 1 fusion protein with 51 glutamine residues (GST-HD51) is an oligomer, and that site-specific proteolytic cleavage of this fusion protein results in the formation of insoluble more highly or...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Hollenbach B,Scherzinger E,Schweiger K,Lurz R,Lehrach H,Wanker EE

更新日期：1999-06-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized clinically by myoclonus, epilepsy, cerebellar ataxia, choreoathetosis and dementia. Cardinal pathological features of DRPLA are a combined degeneration of both the dentatorubral and the pallidoluysian systems. Although the ear...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Kanazawa I

更新日期：1999-06-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging is a recent and popular technique for detecting haemodynamic responses to brief stimuli or events. However, the design of event-related experiments requires careful consideration of numerous issues of measurement, modelling and inference. Here we review these issues,...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Josephs O,Henson RN

更新日期：1999-07-29 00:00:00

abstract：:We argue below that, at least in studying the visual brain, the old and simple methods of detailed clinical assessment and perimetric measurement still yield important insights into the organization of the visual brain as a whole, as well as the organization of the individual areas within it. To demonstrate our point,...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Zeki S,Bartels A

更新日期：1999-07-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Our studies of the yeast ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have uncovered a number of general principles that govern substrate selectivity and proteolysis in this complex system. Much of the work has focused on the destruction of a yeast transcription factor, MAT alpha 2. The alpha 2 protein is polyubiquitinated and rapidl...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Hochstrasser M,Johnson PR,Arendt CS,Amerik AYu,Swaminathan S,Swanson R,Li SJ,Laney J,Pals-Rylaarsdam R,Nowak J,Connerly PL

更新日期：1999-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:It is well known that within long-standing multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions there is axonal loss but whether it is an early or late event has been more difficult to establish. The use of immunocytochemical methods that reveal axonal end-bulbs is a valuable approach to investigating acute axonal injury in human patholog...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Perry VH,Anthony DC

更新日期：1999-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The aim of developmental biology is to understand how an egg converts itself into a complete organism through the processes of cell differentiation, morphogenesis and size regulation. The principles that have emerged over recent decades include the constancy of the genome in nearly all cells of an individual, the exis...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Gurdon J

更新日期：1999-12-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent analyses of association fibre networks in the primate cerebral cortex have revealed a small number of densely intra-connected and hierarchically organized structural systems. Corresponding analyses of data on functional connectivity are required to establish the significance of these structural systems. We ther...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Stephan KE,Hilgetag CC,Burns GA,O'Neill MA,Young MP,Kötter R

更新日期：2000-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:In this, the first of three papers, the nature of, and motivation for, neuronal transients is described in relation to characterizing brain dynamics. This paper deals with some basic aspects of neuronal dynamics, interactions, coupling and implicit neuronal codes. The second paper develops neuronal transients and nonl...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Friston KJ

更新日期：2000-02-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunological memory may not represent a special characteristic of lymphocytes but simply reflect low-level responses driven by antigen that is re-encountered or persists within the host. T-cell memory is important to control persistent infections within the individual host and cannot be transmitted to offspring becau...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Zinkernagel RM

更新日期：2000-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent progress in single-molecule detection techniques is remarkable. These techniques have allowed the accurate determination of myosin-head-induced displacements and how mechanical cycles are coupled to ATP hydrolysis, by measuring individual mechanical events and chemical events of actomyosin directly at the singl...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Yanagida T,Esaki S,Iwane AH,Inoue Y,Ishijima A,Kitamura K,Tanaka H,Tokunaga M

更新日期：2000-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the basic outline of the sliding filament mechanism became apparent some 45 years ago, the principal challenge, an experimental one, has been to produce definitive evidence about the detailed molecular mechanisms by which myosin cross-bridges produce force and movement in a muscle. More recently, similar questio...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Huxley HE

更新日期：2000-04-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent innovations have increased enormously the opportunities for investigating the molecular basis of bacterial pathogenicity, including the availability of whole-genome sequences, techniques for identifying key virulence genes, and the use of microarrays and proteomics. These methods should provide powerful tools f...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Moxon R,Tang C

更新日期：2000-05-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Recently discovered Silurian and Devonian coalified mesofossils provide an additional source of data on early embryophytes. Those reviewed in this paper are considered of some relevance to understanding the early history of bryophytes while highlighting the difficulties of recognizing bryophytes in often very fragment...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Edwards D

更新日期：2000-06-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Midwater predators often have double eyes consisting of a large upward-pointing part with a narrow field of view and high resolution, and a small downward-pointing part with a wide field of view and low resolution. In crustaceans with compound eyes the different eye parts are of basically similar construction, but in ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Land MF

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Mesopelagic crustaceans occupy a dim-light environment that is similar to that of nocturnal insects. In a light-limited environment, the requirement for greater sensitivity may result in slower photoreceptor transduction and increased summation time. This should be reflected by a lower temporal resolution, as indicate...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Frank TM

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Reef fishes present the observer with the most diverse and stunning assemblage of animal colours anywhere on earth. The functions of some of these colours and their combinations are examined using new non-subjective spectrophotometric measurements of the colours of fishes and their habitat. Conclusions reached are as ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Marshall NJ

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-term sea-noise statistics have been obtained from a region of the central section of the Great Barrier Reef. Fish calling was a major contributor to sea-noise levels. Calling was either in choruses, where groups of fishes called en masse, or as isolated calls repeated ad nauseam. Four calling types predominated, ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： McCauley RD,Cato DH

更新日期：2000-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Language is the most important evolutionary invention of the last few million years. It was an adaptation that helped our species to exchange information, make plans, express new ideas and totally change the appearance of the planet. How human language evolved from animal communication is one of the most challenging q...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Nowak MA

更新日期：2000-11-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Linear electron transport in chloroplasts produces a number of reduced components associated with photosystem I (PS I) that may subsequently participate in reactions that reduce O2. The two primary reactions that have been extensively studied are: first, the direct reduction of O2 to superoxide by reduced donors assoc...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Badger MR,von Caemmerer S,Ruuska S,Nakano H

更新日期：2000-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The term 'chlororespiration' is used to describe the activity of a putative respiratory electron transler chain within the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and was originally proposed by Bennouon in 1982 to explain effects on the redox state of the plastoquinone pool in green algae in the absence of photosynthetic p...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Nixon PJ

更新日期：2000-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The vertebrate heart differs from chordate ancestors both structurally and functionally. Genetic units of form, termed 'modules', are identifiable by mutation, both in zebrafish and mouse, and correspond to features recently acquired in evolution, such as the ventricular chamber or endothelial lining of the vessels an...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

authors： Warren KS,Wu JC,Pinet F,Fishman MC

更新日期：2000-07-29 00:00:00