On the philosophical, cognitive and mathematical foundations of symbiotic autonomous systems.

abstract：:Recent seismological studies that use scattered waves to detect heterogeneities in the mantle reveal the presence of a small, distributed elastic heterogeneity in the lower mantle which does not appear to be thermal in nature. The characteristic size of these heterogeneities appears to be ca. 8 km, suggesting that the...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Helffrich G

更新日期：2002-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper describes the convergence of environmental and financial markets, reviews the evolution of market-based environmental programmes as an example of the seven-stage evolutionary process witnessed in a variety of markets and summarizes the emergence of greenhouse-gas-mitigation markets and their potential role ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Sandor RL,Bettelheim EC,Swingland IR

更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Since deforestation is one of the sources of carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere, any measures that prevent or reduce the amount of forest removal are beneficial to the environment and to conservation of biodiversity. In recent years, there has been considerable research on the value of standing forests and many...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Prance GT

更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper describes the technique of imaging the ionosphere using tomographic principles. It reports on current developments and speculates on the future of this research area. Recent developments in computing and ionospheric measurement, together with the sharing of data via the internet, now allow us to envisage a ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Mitchell CN

更新日期：2002-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The colloidal route to semiconductor nanocrystals is extremely flexible, with a high degree of control over size, size distribution, surface passivation and internal structure of the nanoparticles. Simple chemically controlled techniques can be used to assemble these particles into dense films or other microscopic str...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Kershaw SV,Harrison MT,Burt MG

更新日期：2003-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The study of nucleation and growth mechanisms of salts from aqueous solutions, as a function of supersaturation, is described using both macroscopic and microscopic experiments. In situ observations in a fluid cell in an atomic force microscope (AFM) reveal phenomena not accounted for in standard crystal-growth theori...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Putnis A,Pina CM,Astilleros JM,Fernández-Díaz L,Prieto M

更新日期：2003-03-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Applications of the newly developed hybrid of the boundary integral and economical multipole techniques to large-scale dynamical simulations of concentrated emulsion flows of deformable drops are considered. For N = O(10(2)-10(3)) drops in a periodic cell with O(10(3)) boundary elements per drop, the method has two to...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Zinchenko AZ,Davis RH

更新日期：2003-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:There exists a variety of difficulties in the computational design of macroscopic solid material properties formed by doping a homogeneous base matrix material with randomly distributed particles having different properties. Three primary problems are (1) the wide array of free microdesign variables, such as particle ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Zohdi TI

更新日期：2003-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We provide a qualitative review of key X-ray spectral diagnostics of astrophysical plasmas. We begin with a brief discussion of the two major types of equilibria, collisional ionization and photoionization, and then consider the behaviour of hydrogen-like, helium-like, iron L-shell and iron K-shell transitions for the...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Kahn SM,Behar E,Kinkhabwala A,Savin DW

更新日期：2002-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Chandra has performed a 1.4 Ms survey centred on the Hubble Deep Field-North (HDF-N), probing the X-ray Universe 55-550 times deeper than was possible with pre-Chandra missions. We describe the detected point and extended X-ray sources and discuss their overall multi-wavelength (optical, infrared, submillimetre and ra...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Brandt WN,Alexander DM,Bauer FE,Hornschemeier AE

更新日期：2002-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent floods in the UK have raised public and political awareness of flood risk. There is an increasing recognition that flood management and land-use planning are linked, and that decision-support modelling tools are required to address issues of climate and land-use change for integrated catchment management. In th...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Wheater HS

更新日期：2002-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Computational modelling is one of the most significant developments in the practice of scientific inquiry in the 20th century. During the past decade, advances in computing technologies have increased the speed of computers by a factor of 100; an increase of a factor of 1000 can be expected in the next decade. These a...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Dunning TH Jr,Harrison RJ,Feller D,Xantheas SS

更新日期：2002-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper reviews the need for powerful computing facilities in econometrics, focusing on concrete problems which arise in financial economics and in macroeconomics. We argue that the profession is being held back by the lack of easy-to-use generic software which is able to exploit the availability of cheap clusters ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Doornik JA,Hendry DF,Shephard N

更新日期：2002-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:A high-magnification moiré interferometer has been constructed with a spatial resolution of the order of 1 microm to measure the local in-plane displacement field associated with a material's microstructure. Laser illumination passes through phase-stepping optics and is delivered to the microscope head by polarization...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Goldrein HT,Rae PJ,Palmer SJ,Field JE

更新日期：2002-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Carbon isotope ratios in higher-plant organic matter (delta(13)C(plant)) have been shown in several studies to be closely related to the carbon isotope composition of the ocean-atmosphere carbon reservoir, and, in particular, the isotopic composition of CO(2). These studies have primarily been focused on geological in...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Gröcke DR

更新日期：2002-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Understanding biological complexity is one of the grand scientific challenges for the future. A living organism is a highly evolved system made up of a large number of interwoven molecular networks. These networks primarily involve proteins, the macromolecules that enable and control virtually every chemical process t...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Vendruscolo M,Zurdo J,MacPhee CE,Dobson CM

更新日期：2003-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:By loading a Bose-Einstein condensate into a three-dimensional optical lattice potential, we have been able to demonstrate several fundamental aspects of coherent cold collisions between neutral atoms. We show experimentally how such collisions lead to a well-defined phase shift in the corresponding many-body wave fun...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Bloch I,Greiner M,Mandel O,Hänsch TW

更新日期：2003-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We have realized a very small optical dipole trap that is designed to store and manipulate individual atoms. Due to the very small dipole-trap volume, a 'collisional blockade' mechanism locks the average number of trapped atoms at a value of 0.5 over a large range of loading rates. Here we describe methods to characte...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Reymond G,Schlosser N,Protsenko I,Grangier P

更新日期：2003-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:A single-mode constitutive equation is proposed which accounts, in a very simple way, for the most important feature of the molecular theory for entangled polymers based on the 'tube' concept, i.e. that the orientation of the tubes and the stretching of the chain within them relax over different time-scales. The much ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Marrucci G,Ianniruberto G

更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The idea of a 'theory of everything' is inconsistent with a natural feature of biological evolution: the spontaneous emergence of composite entities with completely new properties. At successively higher levels of complexity, from elementary particles and chemical molecules, through unicellular and multicellular organ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Ziman J

更新日期：2003-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Palaeoclimatic data document a sensitive climate system subject to large and perhaps difficult-to-predict abrupt changes. These data suggest that neither the sensitivity nor the variability of the climate are fully captured in some climate-change projections, such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Alley RB

更新日期：2003-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Global change has many facets, of which land use and the change of atmospheric chemistry are unquestioned primary agents, which induce a suite of secondary effects, including climatic changes. The largest single contribution to the compositional change of the atmosphere, CO(2) enrichment, has (besides its influence on...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Körner C

更新日期：2003-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The simplest form of sensor-motor control is obtained with a reflex. In this case the reflex can be interpreted as part of a closed-loop control paradigm which measures a sensor input and generates a motor reaction as soon as the sensor signal deviates from its desired (resting) state. This is a typical case of feedba...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Porr B,Wörgötter F

更新日期：2003-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the latest developments in electron microscopy is the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), which enables soft, moist and/or electrically insulating materials to be viewed without pre-treatment, unlike conventional scanning electron microscopy, in which specimens must be solid, dry and usually elec...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Stokes DJ

更新日期：2003-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept of drift is built around understanding how a rigid body moving in a straight line distorts a material sheet in an unbounded perfect fluid. As the body moves from infinity through a material sheet, which is initially perpendicular to the direction of translation of the body, the sheet is permanently distort...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Eames I

更新日期：2003-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:A very light axion would be copiously produced during the Big Bang as a zero-temperature Bose gas, and it would possess vanishingly small couplings to matter and radiation. It thus represents an ideal cold dark matter candidate. Galactic halo axions may be detected by their resonant conversion to microwave photons in ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： van Bibber KA,Kinion SD

更新日期：2003-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential energy stored in multiply charged ions is liberated when the ions recombine during impact on a solid surface. For certain target species this can lead to a novel form of ion-induced sputtering, which, in analogy to the usual kinetic sputtering, has been termed 'potential sputtering'. This sputtering proc...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Aumayr F,Winter H

更新日期：2004-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Discontinua simulations are becoming an important part of computational mechanics to the extent that computational mechanics of discontinua is becoming a separate sub-discipline of computational mechanics. Among the most widely used methods of computational mechanics of discontinua are discrete-element methods, combin...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Munjiza A,Latham JP

更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Particle-based simulation methods, such as the discrete-element method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics, have specific advantages in modelling complex three-dimensional (3D) environmental fluid and particulate flows. The theory of both these methods and their relative advantages compared with traditional methods wi...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Cleary PW,Prakash M

更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We discuss a hybrid scheme that is based on flux exchange between a particle and a continuum system which reside in two slightly overlapping volumes in space. The scheme ensures conservation of mass, momentum and energy between a system of Lennard-Jones particles and a continuum description given by the compressible N...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Wagner G,Flekkøy EG

更新日期：2004-08-15 00:00:00