Abstract：
:Multiple recent studies have focused on unraveling the content of the medicinal chemist's toolbox. Here, we present an investigation of chemical reactions and molecules retrieved from U.S. patents over the past 40 years (1976-2015). We used a sophisticated text-mining pipeline to extract 1.15 million unique whole reaction schemes, including reaction roles and yields, from pharmaceutical patents. The reactions were assigned to well-known reaction types such as Wittig olefination or Buchwald-Hartwig amination using an expert system. Analyzing the evolution of reaction types over time, we observe the previously reported bias toward reaction classes like amide bond formations or Suzuki couplings. Our study also shows a steady increase in the number of different reaction types used in pharmaceutical patents but a trend toward lower median yield for some of the reaction classes. Finally, we found that today's typical product molecule is larger, more hydrophobic, and more rigid than 40 years ago.
journal_name
J Med Chemjournal_title
Journal of medicinal chemistryauthors
Schneider N,Lowe DM,Sayle RA,Tarselli MA,Landrum GAdoi
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00153subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-05-12 00:00:00pages
4385-402issue
9eissn
0022-2623issn
1520-4804journal_volume
59pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract：:Glycosylation of ethyl 3(5)-(bromomethyl)pyrazole-5(3)-carboxylate (3) and 3(5)-(bromomethyl)pyrazole-5(3)-carboxamide (4) with poly-O-acetylated sugars via an acid-catalyzed fusion method afforded the corresponding ethyl 3-(bromomethyl)pyrazole-5-carboxylate and 3-(bromomethyl)pyrazole-5-carboxamide substituted nucle...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00193a011
更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several 4-alkyl-1-arylpiperazines that present a tetralin moiety on the terminal part of the side chain were synthesized in order to increase the selectivity on the 5-HT1A versus D-2, alpha 1, sigma, and other 5-HT receptors. Many changes have been effected on previous structures of type 3(1-aryl-4-[3-(1,2-dihydronaph...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00006a013
更新日期：1995-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:We have recently proposed a macromolecular prodrug strategy for improved cancer chemotherapy based on two features (Kratz, F.; et al. J. Med. Chem 2000, 43, 1253-1256.): (a) rapid and selective binding of thiol-reactive prodrugs to the cysteine-34 position of endogenous albumin after intravenous administration and (b)...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm020276c
更新日期：2002-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:(N)-Methanocarba nucleosides containing bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane replacement of the ribose ring previously demonstrated selectivity as A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists (5'-uronamides) or antagonists (5'-truncated). Here, these two series were modified in parallel at the adenine C2 position. N(6)-3-Chlorobenzyl-5'-N-m...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm900426g
更新日期：2009-12-10 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of quinolone and naphthyridine antibacterial agents possessing as the C7-heterocycle bicyclic 2,5-diazabicyclo[n.2.m]alkanes, where n = 2, 3 and m = 1, 2, and a series including 4-aminopiperidine and 3-amino-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes have been prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for antibacterial act...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00106a029
更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe here the syntheses and the biological properties of new alkylaminooxysterols. Compounds were synthesized through the trans-diaxial aminolysis of 5,6-alpha-epoxysterols with various natural amines including histamine, putrescine, spermidine, or spermine. The regioselective synthesis of these 16 new 5alpha-h...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm901063e
更新日期：2009-12-10 00:00:00
abstract：:alpha-Ethynyl- and alpha-vinylornithine were designed and synthesized as potential enzyme-activated inhibitors of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase. These two new inhibitors produce both immediate and time-dependent inhibition of rat liver ornithine decarboxylase in vitro. The inhibitions exhibition saturation kinetic...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00133a005
更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of 6,9-disubstituted purines were tested for their ability to bind to the benzodiazepine receptor in rat brain tissue. One of the most active compounds was 9-(3-aminobenzyl)-6-(dimethylamino)-9H-purine (44) with an IC50 = 0.9 microM, which was only 4.5-fold higher than the IC50 for chlordiazepoxide. Substitut...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00125a015
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some small molecules, often hits from screening, form aggregates in solution that inhibit many enzymes. In contrast, drugs are thought to act specifically. To investigate this assumption, 50 unrelated drugs were tested for promiscuous inhibition via aggregation. Each drug was tested against three unrelated model enzym...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm030191r
更新日期：2003-10-09 00:00:00
abstract：:The limited number of drug classes licensed for treatment of influenza virus (Flu), together with the continuous emergence of viral variants and drug resistant mutants, highlights the urgent need to find antivirals with novel mechanisms of action. In this context, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) subunits...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm401560v
更新日期：2013-12-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Gossypol and 17 derivatives were tested as inhibitors of aldose reductase from human placenta. Gossypol and a number of the derivatives were potent inhibitors. The order of inhibitory activity was interpreted in relation to the Kador-Sharpless pharmacophor model for the aldose reductase inhibitor site. The structural ...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00115a021
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We report the results of a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and pharmacophore modeling investigation of the interaction of the enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) with aryl and alkyl bisphosphonates. For the human enzyme, the IC50 values are predicted within a factor of 2 ove...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm0604833
更新日期：2006-11-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The oxazolidinone antibacterials target the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. To gain insight into their mechanism of action, the crystal structure of the canonical oxazolidinone, linezolid, has been determined bound to the Haloarcula marismortui 50S subunit. Linezolid binds the 50S A-site, near the catalytic cent...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm800379d
更新日期：2008-06-26 00:00:00
abstract：:The preparation of stable complexes between the N7-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl] and N7-(2-piperazinylethyl) derivatives of mitomycin C and metal ions such as Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pt(II) was accomplished. Mitomycin C did not form stable complexes, but it rearranged to a mitosene capable of complex formation. Some of these compl...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00151a023
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The synthesis of four l-2'-deoxy-threose nucleoside phosphonates with the natural nucleobases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanosine has been performed. Especially the adenine containing analogue (PMDTA) was endowed with potent antiviral activity displaying an EC50 of 4.69 μM against HIV-1 and an EC50 value of 0.5 ...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01260
更新日期：2016-10-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Dequalinium (4) is a potent and selective blocker of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, an important but relatively little studied class. The 4-NH2 group of dequalinium has been shown to contribute significantly to blocking potency. In this study, we have investigated further the role of the 4-NH2 group. Re...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00018a013
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a target for developing medications to treat substance use disorders. D3R-selective compounds with high affinity and varying efficacies have been discovered, providing critical research tools for cell-based studies that have been translated to in vivo models of drug abuse. D3R antagon...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm501512b
更新日期：2015-07-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Inhibition of the cell cycle kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (Cdk4), is expected to provide an effective method for the treatment of proliferative diseases such as cancer. The pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template has been identified previously as a privileged structure for the inhibition of ATP-dependent kinases, a...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm049355+
更新日期：2005-04-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Short peptide-based inhibition of fusion remains an attractive goal in antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) research based on its potential for the development of technically and economically desirable antiviral agents. Herein, we report the use of the dithiol bisalkylation reaction to generate a series of m-xylene ...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00882
更新日期：2019-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:A new goup of acridone derivatives, obtained by reaction of acridone-4-carboxylic acid derivatives with aromatic amines, was tested to determine the inhibitory properties toward the NS3 helicase of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Six compounds inhibited the NS3 helicase at low concentrations (IC(50) from 1.5 to 20 microM). T...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm901741p
更新日期：2010-04-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Improvement in the therapeutic index of doxorubicin, a cytotoxic molecule, has been sought through its chemical conjugation to short (15-23 amino acid) peptide sequences called Vectocell peptides. Vectocell peptides are highly charged drug delivery peptides and display a number of characteristics that make them attrac...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm0606591
更新日期：2006-11-16 00:00:00
abstract：:We previously reported methylstat as a selective inhibitor of jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases (JHDMs). Herein, we describe the synthesis of a fluorescent analogue of methylstat and its application as a tracer in fluorescence polarization assays. Using this format, we have evaluated the binding affinit...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm3018628
更新日期：2013-06-27 00:00:00
abstract：:The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited and incurable neurodegenerative disorders primarily afflicting the pediatric population. Current treatment regimens offer only symptomatic relief and do not target the underlying cause of the disease. Although the underlying pathophysiology that drives...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01020
更新日期：2016-05-26 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of 4,5-diaryl-2-(substituted thio)-1H-imidazoles has been synthesized and demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships for this series are reported herein. One of the compounds from this series, N'-(2,4-difluor...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00047a009
更新日期：1994-10-14 00:00:00
abstract：:omega-Acryloyl anionic surfactants, whose polar heads are derived from amino acids, have been telomerized to prepare polyanions of a predetermined molecular weight. The main goal of this study was to verify whether the antiviral activity is influenced by the degree of polymerization of the polyanions. The oligomeric p...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm960493b
更新日期：1997-01-31 00:00:00
abstract：:A series of 1-amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyrans was synthesized and subsequently evaluated in three rodent test systems for CNS activity. The structure-activity data generated indicate that, in general, a change of the 1-hydroxy group to an amine results in a retention of pharmacological ...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00211a004
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reports of a high-affinity ligand for E-selectin, sialyl di-Lewis(x) (sLe(x)Le(x), 1), motivated us to incorporate modifications to previously reported biphenyl-based inhibitors that would provide additional interactions with the protein. These compounds were assayed for the ability to inhibit the binding of sialyl Le...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm9704917
更新日期：1998-03-26 00:00:00
abstract：:The synthesis of 15 methyl or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, and tetrazoles additionally substituted with a 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl group is described. The potency and efficacy of these compounds as muscarinic ligands were determined in radioligand binding assays using [3H]oxotremorine and [3H]q...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm00085a016
更新日期：1992-04-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Structure-based strategy was employed to design flavonoid compounds to mimic the Bim BH3 peptide as a new class of inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. The most potent compound, 4 (BI-33), binds to Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 with Ki values of 17 and 18 nM, respectively. Compound 4 inhibits cell growth in the MDA-MB-2...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm070383c
更新日期：2007-07-12 00:00:00
abstract：:In our efforts to explore marine cyanobacteria as a source of novel bioactive compounds, we discovered a statine unit-containing linear decadepsipeptide, grassystatin A (1), which we screened against a diverse set of 59 proteases. We describe the structure determination of 1 and two natural analogues, grassystatins B ...
journal_title：Journal of medicinal chemistry
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1021/jm9009394
更新日期：2009-09-24 00:00:00
