Abstract：
:Wearing of face masks has been identified as an essential means of reducing COVID-19 infection during the pandemic. However, air leakage into ordinary face masks decreases the protection they provide. Wearing a mask also causes both CO2 and humidity to accumulate inside, imposing breathing difficulty and discomfort. To remedy the above problems, this investigation proposed to ventilate ordinary masks by supplying additional HEPA filtered air. The N95, surgical, and cotton masks available on the market, were modified into ventilated masks. The air inside the masks was extracted for measurement of the PM2.5, CO2, and water vapor concentrations. The protection provided by the masks was evaluated in terms of their effectiveness in shielding wearers from ambient PM2.5. Mask comfort was examined in terms of both CO2 concentration and humidity ratio. In addition, a mathematical model was established to solve for the exchanged air flow rates via different routes. Subjective voting by 20 mask wearers was also conducted. Performance of the ventilated face masks were compared against the non-ventilated ones. It was found that the protection provided by the ordinary non-ventilated masks is much lower than that claimed for the filter materials alone due to significantly total inward leakage. The accumulated CO2 and humidity inside masks resulted in discomfort and complaints. For contrast, the ventilated face masks not only enhanced protection by suppressing the inward leakage of ambient airborne particles, but also significantly improved comfort. The wearers preferred a filtered air flow rate ranging from 18 to 23 L/min.
journal_name
Build Environjournal_title
Building and environmentauthors
Huo S,Zhang TTdoi
10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108261keywords:
["CO2","Face mask","Humidity ratio","Particle","Ventilation","Voting"]subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-11-01 00:00:00pages
108261eissn
0360-1323issn
1873-684Xpii
S0360-1323(21)00661-2journal_volume
205pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
文献大全abstract：:Wuhan is located in China's hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone, where the average temperature of the city from January to February 2020 is only 6.6 °C. This study aimed to explore and compare the air conditioner (AC) heating behavior of Wuhan residents before and after the COVID-19 lockdown. The date of commenceme...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107731
更新日期：2021-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The outbreak of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has spread to a large number of countries worldwide. The early diagnosis of COVID-19 is complicated by its strong transmission characteristics and no obvious symptoms in the incubation period. Due to the relatively sealed indoor environment and the exi...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107402
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of personalized ventilation (PV) in protecting against airborne disease transmission between occupants was evaluated by considering two scenarios with different PV alignments. The possibility that PV may facilitate the transport of exhaled pathogens was explored by performing experiments with droplets and app...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107008
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The inter-flat airborne cross-transmission driven by single-sided natural ventilation has been identified recently in high-rise residential buildings, where most people live now in densely populated areas, and is one of the most complex and least understood transport routes. Given potential risks of infection during t...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.026
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Common ventilation strategies may fail to maintain indoor air quality when atmosphere is heavily polluted by particulate matter. This paper evaluates the performances of common constant air volume (CAV) system and variable air volume (VAV) system when carbon dioxide and particles are significantly present in outdoor e...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.004
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hospital and healthcare facilities have diverse indoor environment due to the different comfort and health needs of its occupants. Currently, most ventilation studies revolve around specialised areas such as operating rooms and isolation rooms. This paper focuses on the ventilation of multiple-bed hospital wards in th...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.11.013
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examines both numerically and experimentally the micro-environmental conditions in public transportation buses. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed and experimentally validated. The developed CFD model was used to calculate the spatial distributions of the mean age and mean residual lif...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.03.004
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper makes simulations on the annual heating and cooling energy consumption of four kinds of buildings under the climatic conditions of 19 background cities in China, USA and Europe when ventilation rates increase from 0 to 1.5 vol/h, respectively by, CTM, DOE-2 and DeST-h. The simulation results by CTM show tha...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.06.008
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The influences of indoor environment quality on occupant health have long been one of the main focuses in built environment and public health research. However, evidence to this effect has been inconsistent. Furthermore, previous urban studies have indicated the interaction between urban morphology and indoor environm...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.028
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemics of infectious diseases such as SARS, H1N1, and MERS threaten public health, particularly in large cities such as Hong Kong. We constructed a human behavior integrated hierarchical (HiHi) model based on the SIR (Susceptible, Infectious, and Recovered) model, the Wells-Riley equation, and population movement c...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.011
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Negative pressure isolation rooms are used to house patients with highly contagious diseases (e.g. with airborne diseases) and to contain emitted pathogens to reduce the risk for cross-infection in hospitals. Airflows induced by door opening motion and healthcare worker passage can, however, transport the potentially ...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.07.009
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made more than 125 million people infected and more than 2.7 million people dead globally. Airborne transmission has been recognized as one of the major transmission routes for ...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107926
更新日期：2021-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the period of COVID-19, the number of residents infected in urban communities continued to rise, implying that most of the current building layouts can't effectively resist the spread of infectious diseases, and the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the need of changes for the current building environment. Theref...
journal_title：Building and environment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108038
更新日期：2021-09-01 00:00:00
