Lattice Boltzmann simulations on the tumbling to tank-treading transition: effects of membrane viscosity.

abstract：:We present a flexible multi-reservoir (primitive lower mantle, depleted upper mantle, upper continental crust, lower continental crust and atmosphere) forward-transport model of the Earth, incorporating the Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, U-Th-Pb-He and K-Ar isotope-decay systematics. Mathematically, the model consists of a series of d...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Paul D,White WM,Turcotte DL

更新日期：2002-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This review places into context the role that forest ecosystems play in the global carbon cycle, and their potential interactions with climate change. We first examine the natural, preindustrial carbon cycle. Every year forest gross photosynthesis cycles approximately one-twelfth of the atmospheric stock of carbon dio...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Malhi Y,Meir P,Brown S

更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper contains an analysis of the technical options in agriculture for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and increasing sinks, arising from three distinct mechanisms: (i) increasing carbon sinks in soil organic matter and above-ground biomass; (ii) avoiding carbon emissions from farms by reducing direct and indir...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Pretty JN,Ball AS,Xiaoyun L,Ravindranath NH

更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Satellite altimetry gives a new perspective on ocean wave climate. Measurements around the British Isles show a strong seasonality, with exceptionally large average wave heights to the west and north of the British Isles in the winter. Furthermore, the interannual variability of winter wave climate is very high. Most ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Woolf DK,Cotton PD,Challenor PG

更新日期：2003-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Today the Sun is in a relatively uncrowded place. The distance between it and the nearest other star is relatively large (about 200,000 times the Earth-Sun distance!). This is beneficial to life on Earth; a close encounter with another star is extremely unlikely. Such encounters would either remove the Earth from its ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Davies M

更新日期：2002-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Debate over how, when, and even whether man-made greenhouse-gas emissions should be controlled has grown in intensity even faster than the levels of greenhouse gas in our atmosphere. Many argue that the costs involved in reducing emissions outweigh the potential economic damage of human-induced climate change. Here, e...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Reay DS

更新日期：2002-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Various methods for the synthesis of quantum dots of compound semiconductors are discussed. Emphasis is placed on methods involving the decomposition of chalcogenide-containing precursors in tri-n-octylphosphine oxide. The use of simple coordination complexes can avoid the use of pyrophoric precursors. Approaches base...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Crouch D,Norager S,O'Brien P,Park JH,Pickett N

更新日期：2003-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The impact of annular cracks on the effective elastic and conductive properties of a material is analysed. The compliance contribution tensor of an annular crack - the quantity that determines the increase in compliance of a solid due to introduction of such a crack - is derived analytically. The resistivity contribut...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Sevostianov I

更新日期：2003-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We study solutions of the water-wave problem for a fluid layer of finite depth in the presence of gravity and surface tension. We use the canonical Hamiltonian formulation by Zakharov in terms of the surface elevation and the trace of the velocity potential on the surface. With a new continuity result for the Dirichle...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Mielke A

更新日期：2002-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The X-ray spectra of many Seyfert 1 galaxies show an iron-K emission line. Some of these lines are broad and skew, reflecting the rapid motion of the accreting gas together with the deep gravitational potential of the central black hole. The observational evidence for broad iron lines is reviewed, from ASCA to recent ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Fabian AC

更新日期：2002-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Flood-frequency estimation is inherently uncertain. The practitioner applies a combination of gauged data, scientific method and hydrological judgement to derive a flood-frequency curve for a particular site. The resulting estimate can be thought fully satisfactory only if it is broadly consistent with all that is rel...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Reed DW

更新日期：2002-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper begins with an analysis of flooding as a natural disaster for which the solutions to the environmental, social and economic problems are essentially those of identifying and overcoming hazards and vulnerability, reducing risk and damaging consequences. Long-term solutions to flooding problems, especially in...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Hunt JC

更新日期：2002-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is by far the largest user of high-performance computing (HPC) in engineering. The main scientific challenge is the need to gain a greater understanding of turbulence and its consequences for the transfer of momentum, heat and mass in engineering applications, including aerodynamics,...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Cant S

更新日期：2002-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Interference of electron waves has developed from a fascinating phenomenon in basic physics to a key method for the highly sophisticated investigation of both electric and magnetic structures in solid-state materials. After more than 20 years of development, electron holography in the transmission electron microscope ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Lichte H

更新日期：2002-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Methane emissions from geological reservoirs may have played a major role in the sudden events terminating glaciation, both at the start of the Bølling/Allerød and also at the end of the Younger Dryas. These reservoirs include Arctic methane hydrates and also methane hydrate stored in offshore marine sediments in trop...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Nisbet EG

更新日期：2002-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to predict future events based on the past is an important attribute of organisms that engage in adaptive behaviour. One prominent computational method for learning to predict is called temporal-difference (TD) learning. It is so named because it uses the difference between successive predictions to learn ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Rao RP,Sejnowski TJ

更新日期：2003-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Atomic ensembles containing a large number of atoms have been proved to be an effective medium for quantum-state (quantum information) engineering and processing via their coupling with multi-photon light pulses. The general mechanism of this coupling, which involves continuous quantum variables for light and atoms, i...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Polzik ES,Julsgaard B,Sherson J,Sørensen JL

更新日期：2003-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We introduce the concept of encoding and manipulation of information on single photons. This is exploited in the technique of quantum cryptography to distribute random bit strings in a secure way. More general quantum information processing requires a conditional interaction between separate photons. This can be achie...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Rarity JG

更新日期：2003-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The equilibrium mechanical response of nematic elastomers can be soft or hard depending on the relation between the imposed strains and the nematic director, in particular, if the local nematic director is able to respond by rotating. The dynamical response proves to be equally unusual. We examine the linear dynamic m...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Terentjev EM,Hotta A,Clarke SM,Warner M

更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:When a system such as a binary liquid is cooled rapidly from a homogeneous phase into a two-phase region, domains of the two equilibrium phases form and grow ('coarsen') with time. In the absence of an external drive, such as gravity or an imposed shear flow, a dynamical-scaling regime emerges in which the domain morp...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Bray AJ

更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Technology is the sum of the ways in which social groups manipulate order in the world to achieve their ends. It enables our active engagement with the world. Technology is central to our present well-being and vital for our future survival. As such it needs a coherent world view, a conceptual framework which will ena...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： MacFarlane AG

更新日期：2003-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The goal of this expository paper is to bring forth the basic current elements of soft computing (fuzzy logic, neural networks, genetic algorithms and genetic programming) and the current applications in intelligent control. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic and their applications to control systems have been documented. Oth...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Jamshidi M

更新日期：2003-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The operation of the carbon cycle forms an important part of the processes relevant to future changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The balance of carbon between terrestrial and oceanic reservoirs is an important factor and here we focus in particular on the oceans. Future changes in the carbon cycle that may affect ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Barker S,Higgins JA,Elderfield H

更新日期：2003-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We argue that all embodied organisms, whether robots or animals, face the same challenge: of adapting to bodies, brains and environments that undergo constant and inevitable change. After highlighting the evidence for the universal role of a class of molecular factors called neurotrophic factors in the response of ani...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Elliott T,Shadbolt NR

更新日期：2003-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Evolutionary robotics is a biologically inspired approach to robotics that is advantageous to studying the evolution of communication. A new model for the emergence of communication is developed and tested through various simulation experiments. In the first simulation, the emergence of simple signalling behaviour is ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Marocco D,Cangelosi A,Nolfi S

更新日期：2003-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Since its invention more than 40 years ago, the laser has become an indispensable optical tool, capable of transforming light from its naturally incoherent state to a highly coherent state in space and time. Yet, due to fundamental limitations, operation of the laser remains confined to restricted spectral and tempora...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Ebrahimzadeh M

更新日期：2003-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:An important engineering challenge of today, and a vital one for the future, is to develop and harvest alternative sources of energy. This is a firm priority in the UK, with the government setting a target of 10% of electricity from renewable sources by 2010. A component central to this commitment will be to harvest e...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Byrne BW,Houlsby GT

更新日期：2003-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:I report on recent numerical simulations designed to study the inner structure of cold-dark-matter (CDM) haloes. This work confirms and extends earlier indications that the mass profiles of CDM haloes are roughly independent of mass and that the dark-matter density appears to diverge in a central "cusp". Our simulatio...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Navarro JF

更新日期：2003-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We review the most salient observations and physical principles of knock-on and electronic sputtering and the role of sputtering in several astrophysical settings and applications in research and technology. In addition, we emphasize some unsolved problems, propose experiments and provide guides to representative lite...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Baragiola RA

更新日期：2004-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:A discrete particle model is described which simulates bedload transport over a flat bed of a unimodal mixed-sized distribution of particles. Simple physical rules are applied to large numbers of discrete sediment grains moving within a unidirectional flow. The modelling assumptions and main algorithms of the bedload ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Heald J,McEwan I,Tait S

更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00