Molecular dynamics of ionic polymer-metal composites.

abstract：:We present a geochemical overview of the canonic model that suggests a two-layer mantle for most of the Earth's history. A change in the Rayleigh number may have modified the convection and now allows the subduction of oceanic plates into the lower mantle, which was not the case in the past. The measurement of stirrin...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Allègre CJ

更新日期：2002-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The chemical differences between deep- and shallow-mantle sources of oceanic basalts provide evidence that several distinct components coexist within the Earth's mantle. Most of these components have been identified as recycled in origin. However, the noble-gas signature is still a matter of debate and questions the p...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Coltice N,Ricard Y

更新日期：2002-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:In this paper the issues surrounding the potential role for agriculture in temperate climates in the mitigation of greenhouse gases are examined, with a particular focus on the constraints and limitations on the adoption of practices contributing to carbon sequestration. Other land uses have come under close scrutiny ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Renwick A,Ball AS,Pretty JN

更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper summarizes the extension of new market mechanisms for environmental services, explains of the importance of generating price information indicative of the cost of mitigating greenhouse gases (GHGs) and presents the rationale and objectives for pilot GHG-trading markets. It also describes the steps being tak...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Sandor R,Walsh M,Marques R

更新日期：2002-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Global Altimeter Measurements by Leading Europeans (GAMBLE) is a project, funded by the European Commission, which aims to mobilize the community of specialists in radar altimetry within Europe. The main objective is to investigate how to maximize the synergy between satellite altimetry missions before launch. This ma...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Allan TD,Ash ER,GAMBLE.

更新日期：2003-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article I review the fundamentals of solar-dynamo theory. I describe both historical and contemporary observations of the solar magnetic field before outlining why it is believed that the solar field is maintained by a hydromagnetic dynamo. Having explained the basic dynamo process and applications of the theo...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Tobias SM

更新日期：2002-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The release of carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion and land-use change has caused a significant perturbation in the natural cycling of carbon between land, atmosphere and oceans. Understanding and managing the effects of this disruption on atmospheric composition and global climate are likely to be amongst the ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Malhi Y

更新日期：2002-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that metal nanoparticles sinter within a fraction of a second under an electron beam at 'room temperature' as long as classical models of thermal equilibrium apply. Images exhibit crystal planes that change in orientation with time as if the particle was undergoin...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Buffat PA

更新日期：2003-02-15 00:00:00

abstract：:In addition to the gas and liquid phases, water can exist in many different solid states. Some of these are the well-studied crystalline ice polymorphs and the clathrate hydrates, but at least two distinguishable amorphous solid forms have also been shown to exist. This diversity of possible condensed states implies a...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Franks F

更新日期：2003-03-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We consider the constitutive law of paper and its relation to a spatially inhomogeneous, random paper structure, the so-called formation. Under biaxial tensile loading, paper may be taken as an elastic-plastic hardening material, modelled here by a hyperbolic tangent law. The fact that paper is a quasi-two-dimensional...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Ostoja-Starzewski M,Castro J

更新日期：2003-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:In this paper, we study the travelling gravity waves in a system of two layers of perfect fluids, the bottom one being infinitely deep, the upper one having a finite thickness h. We assume that the flow is potential and the dimensionless parameters are the ratio between densities rho = rho(2)/rho(1) and lambda = gh/c(...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Iooss G,Lombardi E,Sun SM

更新日期：2002-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The constraints on cosmological parameters presently obtained and those that can be obtained from X-ray cluster surveys are presented. Extremely strong bounds on the values of Omega, Lambda, sigma(8) and the power spectrum of fluctuations, as well as constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, can be determin...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Mushotzky R

更新日期：2002-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:A major characteristic of the hydrometeorology of semi-arid regions is the occurrence of intense thunderstorms that develop very rapidly and cause severe flooding. In summer, monsoon air mass is often of subtropical origin and is characterized by convective instability. The existing observational network has major def...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Gupta H,Sorooshian S,Gao X,Imam B,Hsu KL,Bastidas L,Li J,Mahani S

更新日期：2002-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:In the wake of the floods of 1998 and 2000 the Government invited the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) to carry out a technical review of flood-risk management in England and Wales and to consider the most appropriate approaches to flood-risk management for the 21st century. The findings of this Commission are pub...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Fleming G

更新日期：2002-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Twenty-first-century scientific and engineering enterprises are increasingly characterized by their geographic dispersion and their reliance on large data archives. These characteristics bring with them unique challenges. First, the increasing size and complexity of modern data collections require significant investme...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Avery P

更新日期：2002-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Thomas Young's quantitative analysis of interference effects provided the confidence needed to revive the wave theory of light, and firmly established the concept of phase in optics. Phase plays a similarly fundamental role in matter-wave interferometry, for which the field-emission electron microscope provides ideal ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Spence JC,Weierstall U,Howells M

更新日期：2002-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Contingency versus determinism is an old, classic issue in the history of science, and certain trends of contemporary science literature appear to be bringing it to the foreground again. ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Luisi PL

更新日期：2003-06-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Microchip traps provide a promising approach to quantum information processing and communication (QIPC) with neutral atoms: strong and complex potentials can be produced for acting on the qubit atoms, and the potentials can be scaled to higher qubit numbers by virtue of the microfabrication process. We describe experi...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Long R,Steinmetz T,Hommelhoff P,Hänsel W,Hänsch TW,Reichel J

更新日期：2003-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:We study distinguishing information in the context of photonic quantum interference tailored for practical implementations of quantum information processing schemes. In particular, we consider the character of single-photon states optimized for multiple-source interference experiments and for experiments relying on Be...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： U'Ren AB,Mukamel E,Banaszek K,Walmsley IA

更新日期：2003-07-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The modelling of molecular entanglement in polymeric materials is an old problem, and has evolved gradually over the last 60 years, with two key approaches: the network model of Green & Tobolsky, and the tube model of Edwards and de Gennes. We will show that these models can be merged together in a straightforward man...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Doi M,Takimoto J

更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Many mixtures of high-molecular-weight polymers are partially miscible, separating into two co-existing phases in some ranges of temperature and concentration. Generally these binary blends exhibit lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviour, becoming phase separated as the temperature is raised. We have been...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Gerard H,Cabral JT,Higgins JS

更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:An intelligent machine relies on computational intelligence in generating its intelligent behaviour. This requires a knowledge system in which representation and processing of knowledge are central functions. Approximation is a 'soft' concept, and the capability to approximate for the purposes of comparison, pattern r...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： de Silva CW

更新日期：2003-08-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) plays an important role in global climate. Theoretical and palaeoclimatic evidence points to the possibility of rapid changes in the strength of the THC, including a possible quasi-permanent shutdown. The climatic impacts of such a shutdown would be severe, including a cooli...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Wood RA,Vellinga M,Thorpe R

更新日期：2003-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Experimentation is crucial to human progress at all scales, from society as a whole to a young infant in its cradle. It allows us to elicit learning episodes suited to our own needs and limitations. This paper develops active strategies for a robot to acquire visual experience through simple experimental manipulation....

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Fitzpatrick P,Metta G

更新日期：2003-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Behaviour-based robotics has always been inspired by earlier cybernetics work such as that of W. Grey Walter. It emphasizes that intelligence can be achieved without the kinds of representations common in symbolic AI systems. The paper argues that such representations might indeed not be needed for many aspects of sen...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Steels L

更新日期：2003-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Superconductors have many unusual properties not observed in normal metals. The superconducting state is attributed to the pairing of electrons. Conventional forms of superconductivity are produced by distortions in the underlying crystal structure of the material. Recently, it has become evident that not all forms of...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Pugh E

更新日期：2003-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Considerable effort is currently expounded on the development and improvement of the myriad display technologies that have come to the market place. In this paper, several key questions are addressed in the development of the future generation of large-area field-emission-based displays based on semiconducting amorpho...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Carey JD

更新日期：2003-12-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Most of the energy in the Universe consists of some form of dark energy that is gravitationally self-repulsive and that is causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate. The possible candidates are a vacuum energy density (or, equivalently, a cosmological constant) and quintessence, a time-evolving, spatially in...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Steinhardt PJ

更新日期：2003-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Measurement of the velocity distribution of sputtered atoms has tested theories of sputtering and radiation damage. Experiments measuring the time of flight of sputtered atoms in precisely defined directions from the emitting surface, from which the related velocity and energy distributions may be deduced, are describ...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Thompson MW

更新日期：2004-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The numerical modelling of particulate processes in environmental science increasingly requires an ability to represent the properties of individual natural particles. Considerable advances have been made in discontinuum modelling using spheres to represent particles. In this paper, we discuss recent developments that...

journal_title：Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

authors： Latham JP,Munjiza A

更新日期：2004-09-15 00:00:00