Abstract:
:Physicians need to evaluate clinical research critically, and determining the power of a study is an essential component of research evaluation. This report presents a graphical aid that permits rapid power determination for clinical trials with two groups. Power curves were developed for dichotomous outcomes by setting two tail alpha at 0.05 and varying the sample size, the control group response rate, and the clinically important difference between control and experimental groups as defined by the user. Use of the graphical aid was demonstrated to a group of 18 medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty in a 15 minute session. Evaluation of the trainees' application of the aid showed a small average bias of -0.0003 and an average variance of 0.006. Ninety percent of power estimates were within 0.05 of the true value determined by formula. This graphical aid is recommended as a rapid and accurate method for determining power in the critical appraisal of clinical research.
journal_name
BMJjournal_title
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)authors
Miller DK,Homan SMdoi
10.1136/bmj.297.6649.672subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-09-10 00:00:00pages
672-6issue
6649eissn
0959-8138issn
1756-1833journal_volume
297pub_type
杂志文章abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine how the relaxation of the one child policy and policies to reduce caesarean section rates might have affected trends over time in caesarean section rates and perinatal and pregnancy related mortality in China. DESIGN:Observational study. SETTING:China's National Maternal Near Miss Surveillance Sy...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.k817
更新日期:2018-03-05 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To determine whether informed consent introduces selection bias in prospective observational studies using data from medical records, and consent rates for such studies. DESIGN:Systematic review. DATA SOURCES:Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Library up to March 2008, reference lists from pertinent article...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.b866
更新日期:2009-03-12 00:00:00
abstract::A brief note on the status of the AIDS pandemic, from the Amsterdam VIIIth International Conference on AIDS, warns that the course of the epidemic is not being altered by prevention efforts. AIDS occurs in every country, usually spread by heterosexual contact, so that women are equally affected with men. WHO estimat...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 新闻
doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6847.209
更新日期:1992-07-25 00:00:00
abstract::Telephone helplines are an effective way of dealing with health related incidents in which large numbers of people need personal counselling or information for reassurance or case finding. Helplines often have to be set up at short notice, which is labour intensive and makes recruitment of appropriate staff difficult....
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6946.44
更新日期:1994-07-02 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To investigate the possible influence of attendance at cultural events, reading books or periodicals, making music or singing in a choir as determinants for survival. DESIGN:A simple random sample was drawn of 15,198 individuals aged 16-74 years. Of these, 85% (12,982) were interviewed by trained non-medica...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1577
更新日期:1996-12-21 00:00:00
abstract::Cancers of unknown primary (CUPs) are histologically confirmed, metastatic malignancies with a primary tumor site that is unidentifiable on the basis of standard evaluation and imaging studies. CUP comprises 2-5% of all diagnosed cancers worldwide and is characterized by early and aggressive metastasis. Current standa...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.m4050
更新日期:2020-12-07 00:00:00
abstract::This article presents a study on the sexual lifestyle of long distance lorry drivers in India. Using a questionnaire survey method, a total of 5709 consecutive long distance lorry drivers were interviewed by three trained investigators between March 1994 and August 1994. Results showed that 87% (4949 men) of subject...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7177.162
更新日期:1999-01-16 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To compare the effectiveness of in vitro fertilisation with single embryo transfer or in vitro fertilisation in a modified natural cycle with that of intrauterine insemination with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in terms of a healthy child. DESIGN:Multicentre, open label, three arm, parallel group, ran...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.g7771
更新日期:2015-01-09 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess whether using intensive blood pressure targets leads to lower blood pressure in a community population of people with prevalent cerebrovascular disease. DESIGN:Open label randomised controlled trial. SETTING:99 general practices in England, with participants recruited in 2009-11. PARTICIPANTS:Peo...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.i708
更新日期:2016-02-24 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the comparative clinical efficacy and acceptability of non-surgical brain stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes in adults. DESIGN:Systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES:Electronic search of Embase, PubMed/Medline, and PsycINFO up to 8 M...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1136/bmj.l1079
更新日期:2019-03-27 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To report on the country of training and ethnicity of consultants in different specialties in the NHS, on trends in intake to UK medical schools by ethnicity, and on the specialty choices made by UK medical graduates in different ethnic groups. DESIGN:Analysis of official databases of consultants and of stu...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.38202.364271.BE
更新日期:2004-09-11 00:00:00
abstract::A study was conducted (a) to assess the number of patients registered with a south London general practice who over 11 weeks referred themselves to an accident and emergency department, (b) to identify the characteristics of those patients, and (c) to determine their perceptions of the services and resources available...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6657.1179
更新日期:1988-11-05 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the risk of epileptic seizures in people with and without epilepsy after vaccination with a monovalent AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 influenza vaccine (Pandemrix; Glaxo SmithKline, Sweden). DESIGN:Register based self controlled case series. SETTING:Three Swedish counties (source population 750,0...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.e7594
更新日期:2012-12-18 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To review completed trials assessing effect of hormone replacement therapy on subsequent risk of stroke, assessing stroke by pathological type, severity, and outcome. DESIGN:Systematic review of randomised controlled trials identified from the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Medline; reviews; and reference li...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.38331.655347.8F
更新日期:2005-02-12 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the incidence of cervical cancer after several negative cervical smear tests at different ages. DESIGN:Prospective observational study of incidence of cervical cancer after the third consecutive negative result based on individual level data in a national registry of histopathology and cytopatho...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/bmj.b1354
更新日期:2009-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::The Health of the Nation white paper set a target for 15% reduction in overall suicide rates by the year 2000. If the targets are to be achieved interventions must be identified which are of proved effectiveness. This paper examines the evidence on the available interventions and points of access to the population at ...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6938.1227
更新日期:1994-05-07 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of flexible sigmoidoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer by patient sex and age. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of randomised trials (the US Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian cancer screening trial (PLCO), the Italian Screening for Colon and Rectum trial (SCORE), and the Norwe...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1136/bmj.i6673
更新日期:2017-01-13 00:00:00
abstract::The introduction in Britain of advance directives--which allow a person to state in advance of becoming incompetent that they wish to take part in treatment decisions when no longer mentally competent--has now been advocated by the medical and legal establishments. The practical application of directives relating to h...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6974.236
更新日期:1995-01-28 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess whether an assertive outreach intervention after suicide attempt could reduce the frequency of subsequent suicidal acts, compared with standard treatment. DESIGN:Randomised, parallel group, superiority trial with blinded outcome assessment. SETTING:Outpatient intervention at one location at Copenh...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.e4972
更新日期:2012-08-22 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To determine the accuracy and acceptability to patients of non-endoscopic screening for Barrett's oesophagus, using an ingestible oesophageal sampling device (Cytosponge) coupled with immunocytochemisty for trefoil factor 3. DESIGN:Prospective cohort study. SETTING:12 UK general practices, with gastroscopi...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/bmj.c4372
更新日期:2010-09-10 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:OBJECTIVE-To assess the risk of cardiorespiratory symptoms and mortality in non-smokers who were passively exposed to environmental smoke. DESIGN:Prospective study of cohort from general population first screened between 1972 and 1976 and followed up for an average of 11.5 years, with linkage of data from p...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6696.423
更新日期:1989-08-12 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To examine the risk of atrial fibrillation in relation to the whole spectrum of thyroid function in a large cohort of patients. DESIGN:Population based cohort study of general practice patients identified by linkage of nationwide registries at the individual level. SETTING:Primary care patients in the city...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.e7895
更新日期:2012-11-27 00:00:00
abstract::Ruben Meerman and Andrew Brown explain why the answer might not be what you expect. ...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.g7257
更新日期:2014-12-16 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To test the hypothesis that hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) may decrease the risk of community acquired pneumonia. DESIGN:Population based case-control study. SETTING:Group Health, a large integrated healthcare delivery system. Population Immunocompetent, community dwelling ...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.b2137
更新日期:2009-06-16 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To undertake a cost effectiveness analysis comparing first and second generation endometrial ablative techniques, hysterectomy, and the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) for treating heavy menstrual bleeding. DESIGN:Model based economic evaluation with data from an individual patient data...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1136/bmj.d2202
更新日期:2011-04-26 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To describe the change in first day infant mortality during 1935-87. To examine the hypothesis that excess first day mortality in the 1950s and 1960s was attributable to restricting oxygen for sick newborn infants. DESIGN:Time series analysis of first day infant mortality and stillbirth rates. SETTING:Engl...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.304.6823.343
更新日期:1992-02-08 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine association of different measures of serum lipid concentration and obesity with mortality in women. DESIGN:Prospective observational study initiated in 1968-9, follow up examination after 12 years, and follow up study based on death certificates after 20 years. SETTING:Gothenburg, Sweden. SUBJEC...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6916.1385
更新日期:1993-11-27 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To clarify the type of fetal growth impairment associated with increased blood pressure in adult life, and to establish whether this association is influenced by obesity and is mediated through impairment of insulin action. DESIGN:Cross sectional survey with retrospective ascertainment of size at birth from...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7028.401
更新日期:1996-02-17 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To investigate whether the use of graduated compression stockings (GCS) offers any adjuvant benefit when pharmaco-thromboprophylaxis is used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective surgery. DESIGN:Open, multicentre, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. SETTING:Seven...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/bmj.m1309
更新日期:2020-05-13 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the study was to assess whether increased energy expenditure causes the negative energy balance (tissue catabolism) commonly seen in children with insulin dependent (type I) diabetes. Resting metabolic rate and thermogenesis induced by adrenaline were measured in five healthy children and 14 children with t...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6697.487
更新日期:1989-08-19 00:00:00