Interventions with pregnant women, new mothers and other primary caregivers for preventing early childhood caries.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and is associated with adverse health and economic consequences for infants and their families. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children have a higher risk of early childhood caries (ECC). OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of interventions with pregnant women, new mothers or other primary caregivers of infants in the first year of life, for preventing ECC (from birth to six years of age). SEARCH METHODS:Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 14 January 2019), Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (to 22 January 2019), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Cochrane Register of Studies, to 14 January 2019), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 14 January 2019), Embase Ovid (1980 to 14 January 2019) and CINAHL EBSCO (1937 to 14 January 2019). The US National Institutes of Health Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on language or publication status. SELECTION CRITERIA:Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing one or more interventions with pregnant women, mothers, or other caregivers of infants in the first year of life (intervention types included clinical, oral health education/promotion such as hygiene education, breastfeeding and other dietary advice, and policy or health service), versus standard care or placebo or another intervention. For inclusion, trials had to report at least one caries outcome. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility, extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and assessed certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS:We included 17 RCTs (4 cluster-randomised), involving 23,732 caregivers (mainly mothers) and their children. Eleven RCTs assessed four oral health education/promotion interventions against standard care: child diet advice, child diet and feeding practice advice, breastfeeding promotion and support, and oral hygiene with child diet and feeding practice advice. Six trials assessed clinical interventions in mother's dentition, four trials chlorhexidine (CHX, a commonly prescribed antiseptic agent) or iodine-NaF application and prophylaxis versus placebo, and two trials xylitol against CHX or CHX + xylitol. At most, three trials (maximum of 1148 children and 130 mothers) contributed data to any comparison. For many trials, risk of bias was judged unclear due to lack of methodological details reported, and there was high risk of attrition bias in some trials. None of the included trials indicated receiving funding that is likely to have influenced their results. The trials were performed in high-, middle- and low-income countries. In nine trials, participants were socioeconomically disadvantaged. For child diet and feeding practice advice versus standard care, we observed a probable 15 per cent reduced risk of caries presence in primary teeth with the intervention (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.97; 3 trials; 782 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), and there may be a lower mean dmfs (decayed, missing, filled primary surfaces) score (MD -0.29, 95% CI -0.58 to 0; 2 trials; 757 participants; low-certainty evidence); however, we are uncertain regarding the difference between the groups in mean dmft (decayed, missing, filled teeth) score (MD -0.90, 95% CI -1.85 to 0.05; 1 trial; 340 participants; very low-certainty evidence). For breastfeeding promotion and support versus standard care, we observed that there may be little or no a difference between groups in the risk of caries presence in primary teeth (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.03; 2 trials; 1148 participants; low-certainty evidence), or mean dmft score (MD -0.12, 95% CI -0.59 to 0.36; 2 trials; 652 participants; low-certainty evidence). Dmfs was not reported for this comparison. We are uncertain whether child diet advice only compared with standard care reduces risk of caries presence in primary teeth (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.34 to 3.37; 1 trial; 148 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Dmfs and dmft were not reported for this comparison. For oral hygiene, child diet and feeding practice advice versus standard care, we observed little or no reduced risk of caries presence in primary teeth (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.10; 2 trials; 365 participants; low-certainty evidence), and are uncertain regarding difference between the groups in mean dmfs score (MD -0.99, 95% CI -2.45 to 0.47; 1 trial; 187 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and dmft score (MD -0.30, 95% CI -0.96 to 0.36; 1 trial; 187 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We observed there may be little or no difference in risk of caries presence in primary teeth between antimicrobial and placebo treatment in mother's dentition (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.19; 3 trials; 479 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No trials assessing this comparison reported dmfs or dmft. For xylitol compared with CHX antimicrobial treatment, we observed there may be a lower mean dmft score with xylitol (MD -2.39; 95% CI -4.10 to -0.68; 1 trial, 113 participants; low-certainty evidence); however, we are uncertain regarding the difference between groups in caries presence in primary teeth (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.39; 1 trial, 96 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Neither trial evaluating this comparison reported dmfs. No trials assessed a health policy or service intervention. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:Moderate-certainty evidence suggests that providing advice on diet and feeding to pregnant women, mothers or other caregivers with children up to the age of one year probably leads to a slightly reduced risk of early childhood caries (ECC). The remaining evidence is low to very low certainty and is insufficient for determining which, if any, other interventions types and features may be effective for preventing ECC. Large, high-quality RCTs of oral health education/promotion, clinical, and policy and service access interventions, are warranted to determine effects and relative effects of different interventions and inform practice. We have identified 12 studies currently in progress. Those designing future studies should describe the intervention components, setting and participants, consider if and how effects are modified by intervention features and participant characteristics, and adopt a consistent approach to measuring and reporting ECC.

authors

Riggs E,Kilpatrick N,Slack-Smith L,Chadwick B,Yelland J,Muthu MS,Gomersall JC

doi

10.1002/14651858.CD012155.pub2

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-11-20 00:00:00

issue

11

issn

1469-493X

journal_volume

2019

pub_type

杂志文章,meta分析
  • Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Postnatal depression is a common disorder that can have adverse short- and long-term effects on maternal morbidity, the new infant and the family as a whole. Treatment is often largely by social support and psychological interventions. It is not known whether antidepressants are an effective and safe choice ...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002018.pub2

    authors: Molyneaux E,Howard LM,McGeown HR,Karia AM,Trevillion K

    更新日期:2014-09-11 00:00:00

  • Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are very effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however there is a lack of head-to-head comparison studies. OBJECTIVES:To compare the efficacy and safety of abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, etanercept, infliximab, and rituximab in patien...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007848.pub2

    authors: Singh JA,Christensen R,Wells GA,Suarez-Almazor ME,Buchbinder R,Lopez-Olivo MA,Tanjong Ghogomu E,Tugwell P

    更新日期:2009-10-07 00:00:00

  • Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Bronchodilators are a central component for treating exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) all over the world. Clinicians often use nebulisers as a mode of delivery, especially in the acute setting, and many patients seem to benefit from them. However, evidence supporting this choice ...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011826.pub2

    authors: van Geffen WH,Douma WR,Slebos DJ,Kerstjens HA

    更新日期:2016-08-29 00:00:00

  • Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases in children. It has been reported that 64% of infants have an episode of AOM by the age of six months and 86% by one year. Although most cases of AOM are due to bacterial infection, it is commonly triggered by a viral infection. In most c...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010089.pub3

    authors: Norhayati MN,Ho JJ,Azman MY

    更新日期:2017-10-17 00:00:00

  • Chinese herbal medicines for induction of remission in advanced or late gastric cancer.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Gastric cancer is difficult to cure once it progresses into an advanced or late stage. Although some chemotherapies or bio-therapies have made progress in the remission of this disease, mortality remains high. A variety of Chinese medicinal herbs have been used to treat gastric cancer. OBJECTIVES:To assess ...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005096.pub2

    authors: Gan T,Wu Z,Tian L,Wang Y

    更新日期:2010-01-20 00:00:00

  • Dietary salt reduction or exclusion for allergic asthma.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:There is a wide geographical variation in asthma prevalence and one explanation may be in dietary salt consumption. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect of dietary sodium reduction in patients with asthma. SEARCH STRATEGY:A search was conducted using the Cochrane Airways Group asthma register. Bibliographies of...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000436.pub2

    authors: Ardern KD

    更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00

  • Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Amnioinfusion aims to relieve umbilical cord compression during labour by infusing a liquid into the uterine cavity. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this review was to assess the effects of prophylactic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios compared with therapeutic amnioinfusion only if fetal heart rate decelerati...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000176

    authors: Hofmeyr GJ

    更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00

  • Allergen-specific oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Peanut allergy is one of the most common forms of food allergy encountered in clinical practice.  In most cases, it does not spontaneously resolve; furthermore, it is frequently implicated in acute life-threatening reactions. The current management of peanut allergy centres on meticulous avoidance of peanuts...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009014.pub2

    authors: Nurmatov U,Venderbosch I,Devereux G,Simons FE,Sheikh A

    更新日期:2012-09-12 00:00:00

  • Devices and pressure sources for administration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm neonates.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is used to support preterm infants recently extubated, those experiencing significant apnoea of prematurity and those with respiratory distress soon after birth as an alternative to intubation and ventilation. This review will focus exclusively on identifying...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002977

    authors: De Paoli AG,Davis PG,Faber B,Morley CJ

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Ibuprofen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Migraine is a common, disabling condition and a burden for the individual, health services and society. Many sufferers do not seek professional help, relying instead on over-the-counter analgesics. Co-therapy with an antiemetic should help to reduce symptoms commonly associated with migraine headaches. OBJE...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008039.pub2

    authors: Rabbie R,Derry S,Moore RA,McQuay HJ

    更新日期:2010-10-06 00:00:00

  • Interim PET-results for prognosis in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common haematological malignancies in young adults and, with cure rates of 90%, has become curable for the majority of individuals. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging tool used to monitor a tumour's metabolic activity, stage and progression. Interim PET ...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3

    authors: Aldin A,Umlauff L,Estcourt LJ,Collins G,Moons KG,Engert A,Kobe C,von Tresckow B,Haque M,Foroutan F,Kreuzberger N,Trivella M,Skoetz N

    更新日期:2020-01-13 00:00:00

  • Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Children's exposure to other people's tobacco smoke (environmental tobacco smoke, or ETS) is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes for children. Parental smoking is a common source of children's exposure to ETS. Older children in child care or educational settings are also at risk of exposure to...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001746.pub4

    authors: Behbod B,Sharma M,Baxi R,Roseby R,Webster P

    更新日期:2018-01-31 00:00:00

  • Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Peripheral nerve block (infiltration of local anaesthetic around a nerve) is used for anaesthesia or analgesia. A limitation to its use for postoperative analgesia is that the analgesic effect lasts only a few hours, after which moderate to severe pain at the surgical site may result in the need for alternat...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011770.pub2

    authors: Pehora C,Pearson AM,Kaushal A,Crawford MW,Johnston B

    更新日期:2017-11-09 00:00:00

  • Oral steroids for long-term use in cystic fibrosis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:In cystic fibrosis (CF) airway obstruction and recurrent respiratory infection lead to inflammation, long-term lung damage, respiratory failure and death. Anti-inflammatory agents, e.g. oral corticosteroids are used since inflammation occurs early in disease. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effectiveness of oral c...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000407.pub2

    authors: Cheng K,Ashby D,Smyth RL

    更新日期:2011-10-05 00:00:00

  • Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The use of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the frequency and severity of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis is controversial. OBJECTIVES:To determine if prophylactic antibiotics reduce the frequency of exacerbations and/or days of disability in subjects with chronic bronchitis. SEARCH STRATEGY:We...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004105

    authors: Staykova T,Black PN,Chacko EE,Poole P

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheters are widely used in modern medical practice. However, mechanical or infectious complications often necessitate their removal and/or replacement. Heparin has been shown to be effective in prolonging the patency of peripheral arterial catheters and central venous catheters...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002774.pub2

    authors: Shah PS,Ng E,Sinha AK

    更新日期:2005-10-19 00:00:00

  • Short term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Ambulatory oxygen is defined as the use of supplemental oxygen during exercise and activities of daily living. Ambulatory oxygen therapy is often used for patients on long term oxygen therapy during exercise, or for non long term oxygen therapy users who achieve some subjective and/or objective benefit from ...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004356.pub2

    authors: Bradley JM,O'Neill B

    更新日期:2005-04-18 00:00:00

  • Amantadine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The effective management of fatigue has an important impact on the patient's functioning, abilities, and quality of life. Although a number of strategies have been devised for reducing fatigue, treatment recommen...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002818.pub2

    authors: Pucci E,Branãs P,D'Amico R,Giuliani G,Solari A,Taus C

    更新日期:2007-01-24 00:00:00

  • Adrenaline auto-injectors for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without cardiovascular collapse in the community.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Anaphylaxis is a serious hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. Adrenaline (epinephrine) auto-injectors are recommended as the initial, potentially life-saving treatment of choice for anaphylaxis in the community, but they are not universally available and have limitations in t...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008935.pub2

    authors: Sheikh A,Simons FE,Barbour V,Worth A

    更新日期:2012-08-15 00:00:00

  • Scalpel versus no-scalpel incision for vasectomy.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Currently, the two most common surgical techniques for approaching the vas during vasectomy are the incisional method and the no-scalpel technique. Whereas the conventional incisional technique involves the use of a scalpel to make one or two incisions, the no-scalpel technique uses a sharp-pointed, forceps-...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004112.pub3

    authors: Cook LA,Pun A,van Vliet H,Gallo MF,Lopez LM

    更新日期:2007-04-18 00:00:00

  • Lifestyle intervention for improving school achievement in overweight or obese children and adolescents.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence is high. Excessive body fat at a young age is likely to persist into adulthood and is associated with physical and psychosocial co-morbidities, as well as lower cognitive, school and later life achievement. Lifestyle changes, including red...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009728.pub2

    authors: Martin A,Saunders DH,Shenkin SD,Sproule J

    更新日期:2014-03-14 00:00:00

  • WITHDRAWN: Proton pump inhibitor treatment for acute peptic ulcer bleeding.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the clinical effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in peptic ulcer (PU) bleeding yield conflicting results. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the efficacy of PPIs in acute bleeding from PU using evidence from RCTs. SEARCH STRATEGY:We searched CENTRAL, The Cochrane Libr...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002094.pub4

    authors: Leontiadis GI,Sharma VK,Howden CW

    更新日期:2010-05-12 00:00:00

  • Nursing record systems: effects on nursing practice and health care outcomes.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:A nursing record system is the record of care planned and/or given to individual patients/clients by qualified nurses or other caregivers under the direction of a qualified nurse. Nursing record systems may be an effective way of influencing nurse practice. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of nursing record...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002099

    authors: Currell R,Urquhart C

    更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00

  • Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus, which first appeared in Foshan City, China on 22 December 2002. Chinese herbs were used in its treatment. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the possible effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbs combined with Wester...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004882.pub3

    authors: Liu X,Zhang M,He L,Li Y

    更新日期:2012-10-17 00:00:00

  • Beta2-agonists for acute bronchitis.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:There are no clearly effective treatments for the cough of acute bronchitis, and beta2-agonists are often prescribed, perhaps because clinicians suspect many patients also have reversible airflow restriction contributing to the symptoms. OBJECTIVES:To determine whether beta2-agonists improve symptoms of acu...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001726.pub3

    authors: Smucny J,Becker L,Glazier R

    更新日期:2006-10-18 00:00:00

  • Autoinflation for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Otitis media with effusion (OME) or 'glue ear' is an accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, in the absence of acute inflammation or infection. It is the commonest cause of acquired hearing loss in childhood and the usual reason for insertion of 'grommets'. Potential treatments include decongestants, mucoly...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006285

    authors: Perera R,Haynes J,Glasziou P,Heneghan CJ

    更新日期:2006-10-18 00:00:00

  • Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Heavy menstrual bleeding significantly impairs the quality of life of many otherwise healthy women. Perception of heavy menstrual bleeding is subjective and management usually depends upon what symptoms are acceptable to the individual. Surgical options include conservative surgery (uterine resection or abla...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003855.pub3

    authors: Marjoribanks J,Lethaby A,Farquhar C

    更新日期:2016-01-29 00:00:00

  • Maintenance chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Epithelial ovarian cancer accounts for about 90% of all cases of ovarian cancer. Debulking surgery and six courses of platinum-based chemotherapy results in complete clinical remission (CCR) in up to 75% of cases. However, 75% of the responders will relapse within a median time of 18 to 28 months and only 20...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007414.pub2

    authors: Mei L,Chen H,Wei DM,Fang F,Liu GJ,Xie HY,Wang X,Zou J,Han X,Feng D

    更新日期:2010-09-08 00:00:00

  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Crohn's disease may be refractory to conventional treatments including corticosteroids and immunosuppressives. Recent studies suggest TNF-alpha blocking agents may be effective in maintaining remission in Crohn's disease. OBJECTIVES:To conduct a systematic review of the evidence for the effectiveness of TNF...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006893

    authors: Behm BW,Bickston SJ

    更新日期:2008-01-23 00:00:00

  • Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The risk of maternal mortality and morbidity (particularly postoperative infection) is higher for caesarean section (CS) than for vaginal birth. With the increasing rate of CS, it is important to minimise the risks to the mother as much as possible. This review focused on different forms and methods of preop...

    journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

    pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析

    doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007462.pub4

    authors: Hadiati DR,Hakimi M,Nurdiati DS,da Silva Lopes K,Ota E

    更新日期:2018-10-22 00:00:00