Abstract:
Background:Dispensary and use of antibiotics without prescriptions from qualified providers is a common practice in countries with poor pharmaceutical regulations and where due focus is not given to rational use. This practice is a main factor for the spread of antimicrobial resistance due to its non-reliance on pre-treatment microbiologic work-up, improper indications and dosing errors. This study was conducted to determine the rate of over-the-counter dispensary of antibiotics for common childhood illnesses among privately owned medicine retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods:Pre-determined simulated patient visits depicting common childhood illnesses were employed to request antibiotics without prescriptions. A simple random sampling was used to select medicine retail outlets within Addis Ababa city. Trained data collectors filled structured data forms (including antibiotic requested, reasons for denial of dispense and details enquired by pharmacist) shortly after each patient enactment. Multi-variable logistic regression analysis was employed to explore factors associated with over-the-counter sales of antibiotics. Results:A total of 262 simulated encounters were surveyed. Of the 262 verbal antibiotic requests, 63.4% were dispensed. Close to 60% of encounters were accompanied by questions about a doctor's visit or the child's symptomatology while a past history of drug allergies was enquired in only 11.1% of visits. Over-the-counter dispensary was more likely when dispenser queried about symptoms was made (AOR: 2.412, 95%CI: 1.236, 4.706), for requests for more than one antibiotics (AOR: 2.988, 95%CI: 1.258, 7.095) and for simulated patient demands for oral antibiotics for children with acute diarrhea (AOR: 3.297, 95%CI: 1.248, 8.712) and parenteral antibiotics for those reported to receive in-patient care for pneumonia (4.516, 95% CI: 1.720, 11.857). Conclusions:The prevalence of providing antibiotics over-the-counter for pediatric illnesses in Addis Ababa is markedly high. Further studies into factors encouraging this malpractice are required. Enhancing education of personnel dispensing antibiotics and strict enforcement of national regulations are needed.
journal_name
Antimicrob Resist Infect Controljournal_title
Antimicrobial resistance and infection controlauthors
Koji EM,Gebretekle GB,Tekle TAdoi
10.1186/s13756-019-0571-xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-07-16 00:00:00pages
119issn
2047-2994pii
571journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,多中心研究abstract:BACKGROUND:In 2013 German infection surveillance guidelines recommended weekly colonization screening for multidrug-resistant (MDRO) or highly epidemic organisms for neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and extended hygiene measures based on screening results. It remains a matter of debate whether screening is worth t...
journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-08-26 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0249-1
更新日期:2017-09-19 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
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doi:10.1186/s13756-015-0060-9
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-08-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00814-6
更新日期:2020-10-26 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00774-x
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pub_type: 信件
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-08-17 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2017-06-14 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00755-0
更新日期:2020-06-16 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0337-x
更新日期:2018-04-03 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2018-05-30 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/2047-2994-2-17
更新日期:2013-05-30 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2019-02-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is a trend in some countries to recommend the use of surgical hand disinfectants at volumes as low as 4 ml per application. AIM:To determine whether the volume applied and hand size influence the efficacy of surgical hand disinfection. METHODS:Thirteen experiments, according to EN 12791, resulting in...
journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/2047-2994-3-15
更新日期:2014-04-24 00:00:00
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journal_title:Antimicrobial resistance and infection control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13756-020-0690-4
更新日期:2020-02-10 00:00:00