The relation between adverse childhood experiences and moral injury in the Canadian Armed Forces.

Abstract:

:Background: There is increasing evidence that moral injuries (MIs) may affect the mental health of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) members and veterans. Despite knowledge suggesting that MIs are related to multiple negative mental health outcomes, including the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is unknown whether pre-traumatic variables, including the presence of childhood abuse, are related to MIs. Objective: This study seeks to investigate the potential relationship between adverse childhood experiences and later onset MI in military members. Methods: Thirty-three patients newly admitted to an inpatient unit for treatment of trauma-related disorders received a standardized self-assessment package, including the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES; adapted for the Canadian context), and the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q), which is a retrospective measure of childhood abuse. Results: Analyses revealed a significant relation between childhood emotional abuse and the presence of MI in adulthood. Specifically, emotional abuse during childhood was correlated with total score on the MIES (p = 0.006) and with its two subscales, perceived betrayals (p = 0.022) and perceived transgressions (p = 0.016). These correlations remained significant when controlling for age and gender. Conclusions: Among CAF members and veterans, childhood events are related to the presence of MI during adulthood. These preliminary data are provocative in suggesting that emotional abuse during childhood may increase the likelihood of endorsing MI during adult military service. Further work is needed to identify pre-traumatic variables that may serve to increase risk or enhance resilience to the development of MI in military members. :Antecedentes: Existe un aumento de la evidencia que los daños morales (MIs, por sus siglas en inglés) pueden afectar la salud mental de los miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas Canadienses (FAC) y veteranos. A pesar que el conocimiento sugiere que las MIs están relacionadas con múltiples consecuencias negativas en la salud mental, incluyendo el inicio del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), se desconoce si variables pre-traumáticas, incluyendo la presencia de abuso en la infancia, están relacionadas con MIs. Objetivo: Este estudio busca investigar la relación potencial entre experiencias infantiles adversas y el posterior inicio de MIs entre los miembros militares. Método: Treinta y tres pacientes nuevos admitidos a una unidad hospitalaria para tratamiento de los trastornos relacionados con trauma, recibieron un paquete estandarizado de auto-evaluación, incluyendo la lista de chequeo para TEPT del DSM-5 (PCL-5), la Escala de Eventos de Daño Moral (MIES por sus siglas en inglés, adaptada para el contexto canadiense) y el Cuestionario de Experiencias Adversas Condiciones Infantiles (ACE-Q por sus siglas en inglés). Resultados: Los análisis revelaron una relación significativa entre abuso emocional en la infancia y la presencia de MI en la adultez. Específicamente, el abuso emocional durante la infancia estuvo correlacionado con el puntaje total del MIES (p= 0.006) y con sus dos sub-escalas, percepción de traición (p=0.022) y percepción de transgresiones (p= 0.016). Estas correlaciones permanecen significativas cuando se controlan por edad y sexo. Conclusiones: Entre los miembros y veteranos FAC, los eventos en la infancia están relacionados con la presencia de MI durante la adultez. Estos datos preliminares son provocativos en sugerir que el abuso emocional durante la infancia puede incrementar la posibilidad de refrendar MI durante el servicio militar en la adultez. Es necesaria más investigación para identificar las variables pre-traumáticas que pueden servir para incrementar el riesgo o aumentar la resiliencia a desarrollar MI entre los miembros militares. :背景:越来越多的证据表明,精神伤害(moral, injuries, MIs)可能会影响加拿大武装部队(CAF)成员和退伍军人的心理健康。尽管证据表明精神伤害与多种消极心理健康结果有关,包括创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的发病,但还不清楚精神伤害是否与创伤前变量(包括经历童年虐待)相关。 目的:本研究旨在探讨军人中负性童年经历与随后出现的精神伤害之间的潜在关系。 方法:标准化的自评工具包对新入住病房治疗创伤相关疾病的33名患者进行评估,包括PCL-5,精神伤害事件量表(MIES;适用于加拿大人)和负性童年经历问卷(ACE-Q)。 结果:分析显示儿童情绪虐待与成年期精神伤害之间存在显著关系。具体而言,童年情感虐待与MIES的总得分(p = 0.006)及其两个分量表:感知到的背叛(p = 0.022)和感知到的违规(p = 0.016)相关。在控制年龄和性别之后,这些相关性仍然显著。 结论:在CAF成员和退伍军人中,童年事件与成年期MI有关。这些初步数据具有启发性,表明童年时期的情感虐待可能会增加成人服役期间精神伤害的可能性。但还需深入的研究以识别军人中可能会增加MI风险或增强抵御MI能力的创伤前变量。.

journal_name

Eur J Psychotraumatol

authors

Battaglia AM,Protopopescu A,Boyd JE,Lloyd C,Jetly R,O'Connor C,Hood HK,Nazarov A,Rhind SG,Lanius RA,McKinnon MC

doi

10.1080/20008198.2018.1546084

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-01-17 00:00:00

pages

1546084

issue

1

issn

2000-8066

pii

1546084

journal_volume

10

pub_type

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