Abstract：
:Vancomycin is an antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In the last decades, vancomycin has been widely used in hospital environments due to the increasing incidence of sepsis and septic shock. Sepsis may lead to multiple organ failure; it is considered a risk factor for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI), with an overall mortality rate of around 45%, which can reach the surprising rate of 70% with the combination of AKI and sepsis. Considering the high mortality rate of sepsis and its related costs of hospitalization and treatment, specific measures should be adopted, such as early-goal treatment protocols: proper and early administration of antimicrobials, fluids, vasoactive drugs and transfusion support. Besides the careful selection of the antimicrobial, another concern related to critically ill patients is the proper dose of the antimicrobial, since pharmacokinetic changes are observed due to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Gram-positive pathogens are very common in hospitalized patients with septic shock, so vancomycin has been the antimicrobial of choice for more than 60 years. However, discussions about its dosage, administration and monitoring are extremely important, considering the risk of nephrotoxicity and the emergence of resistant S. aureus. This narrative review aims to discuss controversial aspects related to the efficacy and safety of vancomycin, correlating them with data available in the literature and identifying knowledge gaps in guide future lines of research.
journal_name
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physioljournal_title
Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiologyauthors
Zamoner W,Prado IRS,Balbi AL,Ponce Ddoi
10.1111/1440-1681.13066subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-04-01 00:00:00pages
292-301issue
4eissn
0305-1870issn
1440-1681journal_volume
46pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) in the serum was measured in patients with quadriplegia and in healthy subjects. We assume that the plasma D beta H levels reflect sympathetic tone. Quadriplegics had significantly lower D beta H levels at rest. After head-up tilting a significant decrease in D beta...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1980.tb00084.x
更新日期：1980-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Effects of a newly developed phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor, E-1020, on intracellular calcium transients were compared with those of isoproterenol (ISO) in isolated single myocytes from failing hearts secondary to pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline injection. Myocytes were isolated by enzyme dig...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02663.x
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of inflammatory changes on the absorption of different-sized probes and their permeability ratios are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a pharmacological agent on the permeability of the gut mucosa to saccharidic probes of larger and smaller molecular weight. P...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12163
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor diclofenac sodium has been compared with a placebo in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis in a double-blind crossover trial. Twenty patients were entered: 14 female, six male; age range 6-17 years. The results showed that diclofenac sodium was significantly more effective ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1986.tb00327.x
更新日期：1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Two aspects of cholesterol absorption; (a) the importance of solubilization and (b) the effects of different bile salts on the mucosal metabolism and lymphatic output of cholesterol, have been investigated using two different in vivo techniques. 2. Bile diverted lymph fistula rats were infused intraduodenally at a ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1976.tb00607.x
更新日期：1976-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Despite the array of sophisticated imaging techniques available for biological applications, none of the standard biomedical techniques adequately provides the capability to measure motion and flow. Those techniques currently in use are particularly lacking in spatial and temporal resolution. 2. Herein, we introduc...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05102.x
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. This study investigated the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on renin release from the kidney. The in vitro direct effect was examined in the animal experiment using renal cortical slices of rat, and the in vivo effect was observed in the human infusion study. 2. In the in vitro experiments, alpha-human atrial ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1992.tb00408.x
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The present study was designed to compare and contrast the effects of 1 year's treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (captopril 25-100 mg daily) and beta-blockade (atenolol 50-100 mg daily) on hypertensive cardiac structure and function as well as the other established cardiovascular risk factors ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.t01-7-.x
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Plasma concentration and atrial content of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) were measured in rats with chronic renal failure induced by subtotal nephrectomy. 2. Plasma ANF was higher, and atrial ANF content lower in rats with renal failure when compared with sham-operated controls. 3. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1987.tb00384.x
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Serial observations of blood pressure after unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma revealed an incidence of hypotension (systolic BP less than fifth percentile for age- and sex-matched normal population) of 27% at 2 years, more than 5 times that predicted. 2. Serial observations of volume regula...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1989.tb01558.x
更新日期：1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effects of DL-tetrahydropalmatine (DL-THP) on cardio-vascular function and hypothalamic release of monoamines were assessed in rats under urethane anaesthesia. 2. Intravenous administration of DL-THP (1-10 mg/kg) produced hypotension, bradycardia, a decrease in hypothalamic serotonin and noradrenaline release a...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb01769.x
更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between normal serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) and urinary incontinence (IU), urinary infections, and quality of life in old women. Euthyroid post-menopausal women without sarcopenia, estrogen replacement, emotional illness, and/or cancer were enrolled ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12788
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. It is a central thesis of this review that in clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology the goal of statistical analysis should be to minimize the risk of making any false-positive inferences from the results of an experiment (experimentwise Type I error). 2. It is common in clinical and experimental ph...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 社论,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1991.tb01468.x
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of pancuronium in the rabbit ear artery was investigated in order to measure the inhibition it produces at the prejunctional muscarinic receptor on sympathetic nerve endings in this tissue. Pancuronium (0.1-0.2 mmol/l) produced an enhancement of responses to transmural electrical stimulation but this effect...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1983.tb00850.x
更新日期：1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. In the present study, we examined whether the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-kappaB activity plays a role in the determination of sensitivity to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or agonistic Fas antibody (Ab) in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC). 2. To inhibit agonist-induced NF-kappaB activation in h...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03817.x
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The neurotrophins play an important role during development to stimulate and guide axonal growth for the establishment of a correctly wired and functional neural system. Neurotrophins can also regulate adult nervous system plasticity by promoting neuronal survival and stimulating nerve regrowth following injury. 2....
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03909.x
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)R) play an important role in cardioprotection against hypoxic damage and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP) is central to the regulation of cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, it is still unclear whether A(1)R open MPTP in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. 2. The...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05300.x
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper attempts to provide a short review of the evidence for: 1. Increased platelet production of thromboxane A2 and reduced vascular production of prostacyclin in the human and also animal models of diabetes. 2. Reduced depressor responsiveness to arachidonic acid of anaesthetized alloxan- and streptozotocin-ind...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1992.tb00391.x
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Hypoxia arises in solid tumour because of inefficient blood supply. While hypoxic cells are resistant to radiotherapy and probably to many chemotherapeutic drugs they can, in principle, be turned to advantage through the development of hypoxia-activated cytotoxic drugs (bioreductive drugs). 2. Three general approac...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb01956.x
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. It has been proposed that hypertension alters the respiratory and cardiovascular responses to chemoreceptor stimulation. However, in studies of human hypertension or in genetic animal models of hypertension it has been difficult to unequivocally attribute the changes to hypertension per se, rather than to a genetic...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01812.x
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Skeletal muscle is an important site for insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. It is estimated that skeletal muscle is responsible for ~80% of insulin-mediated glucose disposal in the post-prandial period. The classical action of insulin to increase muscle glucose uptake involves insulin binding to insulin recepto...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12688
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study investigated the effect of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor antagonists on the rocuronium-induced train of four (TOF) fade and tetanic fade, respectively. Ex-vivo phrenic nerves and diaphragms were obtained from adult Sprague-Dawley rats and stabilized in Krebs buffer; the nerve-stimulated muscle TOF fade was ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12763
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Age-related endothelial dysfunction is closely associated with the local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within and in the vicinity of the vascular endothelium. Oxidant-induced DNA damage can activate the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), leading to endothelial dysfunction in various p...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12484
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of a range of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and its relationship to beta-adrenoceptor blockade was studied in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized, vagotomized rats which had been depleted of catecholamines by pretreatment with syrosingopine. Dichlorisoprenaline, practolol, oxprenolol...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1979.tb00001.x
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to investigate whether enoxaparin (ENX) administration would increase seroma risk and worsen mesh tissue recovery in an experimental rat hernia repair model. Fifty-six adult male Wistar-Albino rats were included in the study. Rats were equally and randomly separated into seven groups: Group 1...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12582
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Rapid ventricular rate (VR) and rhythm irregularity during atrial fibrillation (AF) impair cardiac performance. Although digoxin has been widely used in patients with AF, its efficacy for the control of VR and rhythm irregularity is unsatisfactory. Whether low-dose amiodarone is more effective remains unclear. 2. W...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03454.x
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy has been implicated in the reduction of baroreflex sensitivity present in hypertension. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mean arterial pressure-heart rate reflex (MAP-HR) in a model which induced left ventricular hypertrophy but no sustained blood pressure elevat...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1994.tb02433.x
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Following the potent efficacy of β-D-Mannuronic acid in a breast cancer murine model, we evaluated the efficacy of this novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in breast cancer patients in the present clinical trial. The study was an 8-week randomized, controlled, phase II clinical trial (IRCT: 2017012213739N7 (in ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.13086
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertension leads to electrophysiological changes in the heart. Chronic exercise induced by a treadmill-running programme (TRP) is considered a potential non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension and may have implications in heart remodelling. However, it is not known whether the TRP is able to improve the elect...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05669.x
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effects of ATP and some of its more stable analogues have been examined upon preparations of epididymal and prostatic halves of vasa deferentia and of cauda epididymides from rats that had undergone vasectomy by medial transection of the vas deferens. 2. After unilateral vasectomy, the potencies of ATP, beta, g...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01358.x
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
