Abstract:
INTRODUCTION:Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a wide range of congenital conditions characterized by an incongruence of components involved in sexual differentiation, including gender psychosexual development. The management of such disorders is complex, and one of the most crucial decision is represented by gender assignment. In fact, the primary goal in DSD is to have a gender assignment consistent with the underlying gender identity in order to prevent the distress related to a forthcoming Gender Dysphoria. Historically, gender assignment was based essentially on surgical outcomes, assuming the neutrality of gender identity at birth. This policy has been challenged in the past decade refocusing on the importance of prenatal and postnatal hormonal and genetic influences on psychosexual development. AIMS:(1) to update the main psychological and medical issues that surround DSD, in particular regarding gender identity and gender assignment; (2) to report specific clinical recommendations according to the different diagnosis. METHODS:A systematic search of published evidence was performed using Medline (from 1972 to March 2016). Review of the relevant literature and recommendations was based on authors' expertise. RESULTS:A review of gender identity and assignment in DSD is provided as well as clinical recommendations for the management of individuals with DSD. CONCLUSIONS:Given the complexity of this management, DSD individuals and their families need to be supported by a specialized multidisciplinary team, which has been universally recognized as the best practice for intersexual conditions. In case of juvenile GD in DSD, the prescription of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, following the World Professional Association for Transgender Health and the Endocrine Society guidelines, should be considered. It should always be taken into account that every DSD person is unique and has to be treated with individualized care. In this perspective, international registries are crucial to improve the understanding of these challenging conditions and clinical practice, in providing a better prediction of gender identity.
journal_name
J Endocrinol Investjournal_title
Journal of endocrinological investigationauthors
Fisher AD,Ristori J,Fanni E,Castellini G,Forti G,Maggi Mdoi
10.1007/s40618-016-0482-0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-11-01 00:00:00pages
1207-1224issue
11eissn
0391-4097issn
1720-8386pii
10.1007/s40618-016-0482-0journal_volume
39pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::It has been reported that adult obese subjects present a reduced growth hormone secretion. As no data are available in the pubertal period, which is characterized in lean subjects by an increased spontaneous growth hormone secretion, the growth hormone circadian concentration was studied in a group of 18 obese male su...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03350166
更新日期:1988-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The differential diagnosis of an osteoblastic vertebral lesion (ivory vertebra) includes metastatic prostate cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, osteosarcoma and Paget's disease. We report a case of a man who was initially diagnosed with Paget's disease on vertebral biopsy. He failed to respond to conventional bisphosphate...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03343770
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, bromocriptine has been successfully introduced as medical therapy for the pituitary hypersecreting syndromes of hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly. Subsequently, an inhibitory effect on ACTH secretion was reported using bromocriptine in Cushing's disease. While most studies have focused on the acute response ...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03350502
更新日期:1982-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Whole-body vibration is reported to increase muscle performance, bone mineral density and stimulate the secretion of lipolytic and protein anabolic hormones, such as GH and testosterone, that might be used for the treatment of obesity. To date, as no controlled trial has examined the effects of vibration exercise on t...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/BF03351056
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:: ...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40618-018-0896-y
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::D-aspartic acid (D-Asp), aromatase enzyme activity and the putative D-Asp involvement on aromatase induction have been studied in the testis of mature boars. The peroxidase-antiperoxidase and the indirect immunofluorescence methods, applied to cryostat and paraffin sections, were used to evaluate D-Asp and aromatase d...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03344087
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the study was to assess iodine status in over 3800 young male subjects aged 18, living in 6 different provinces of Piemonte and in Aosta Valley, Italy. A cross-sectional study on 3837 young male subjects undergoing medical evaluation preliminary to military enrolment was performed. Spot urine samples were o...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03349155
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To review the proportion of diabetic patients reaching recommended therapeutic goals, as reported in intervention trials and observational studies, and to analyse the factors associated with success or failure in achieving these targets. METHODS:A systematic review and meta-analysis through a Medline and Embas...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0069-6
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The status of the erythrocyte insulin receptor was investigated prior to and during storage at 4C in acid-citrate dextrose (ACD) solution. The receptors on cells that were obtained from both resting and exercised fasting subjects and stored for up to three days in ACD were unchanged as evaluated by both maximal specif...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03347594
更新日期:1983-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent evidence suggests that patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at substantial risk of hypopituitarism. The pathomechanisms, however, are not completely understood yet. Little is known about the association of morphological changes in the sella region with pituitary function in TBI. In this study, we asse...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03346291
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) were studied on densely granulated somatotroph adenoma cells and sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma cells in culture by measuring release of growth hormone (GH) as well as ultrastructural morphometrical parameters and comparing them with those of control aden...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03350727
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated ACTH and cortisol responses after ovine CRF injection (1 microgram/kg one bolus) in a group of 11 drug-free patients suffering from major depression. When compared to sex- and age-matched normal controls, our depressed patients showed: Higher ACTH basal values (p less than 0.002); higher cortisol basal...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03350921
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monolayer cultures of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cells were prepared from 5 patients with familial and 4 with sporadic MTC. Basal calcitonin (CT) release decreased rapidly during 17 days in culture. Addition of extra calcium (2 mmol/l) or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP, 3 mmol/l) increased CT release in all inves...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03347169
更新日期:1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of short term administration of 200 MRC U of synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT) daily on carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in 10 patients with various bone diseases, 3 of whom had type II diabetes mellitus and 3 of whom had impaired glucose tolerance. Blood glucose levels during the nocturnal postab...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03350629
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Growth hormone (GH) response to provocative tests was compared in normal short children. Seven of 23 children failed to respond to insulin hypoglycemia. Using insulin hypoglycemia followed by L-dopa only 2 of 23 children did not respond and giving bromocriptine combined with insulin hypoglycemia only 1 of 8 children f...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03351005
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Acromegaly is a rare disorder existed in the result of overproduction of growth hormone (GH). The disorder is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic abnormalities. Urotensin II (UII), a secreted vasoactive peptide hormone, belonging somatostatin superfamily, plays an essential role ...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40618-018-0905-1
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Circadian rhythms of hormone secretion are by now well recognized but there are limited data available to compare such rhythms of multiple hormones in individual subjects. Therefore concentrations of serum thyrotropin (TSH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), triiodothyronine (T3) and prolactin (PRL) were determined in bl...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03349346
更新日期:1979-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 41-year-old male with primary hypothyroidism and a huge TSH-secreting pituitary tumor presented with a bleeding nasal mass that was initially misdiagnosed as a paraganglioma. Other unique features of the case include lack of complaints related to hypothyroidism, an extremely elevated TSH level of 3474 mU/l, and a lo...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03343584
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::GH may exert direct growth-promoting and metabolic actions on target tissues, but most of its effects are mediated by circulating (endocrine) or local (auto-/paracrine) IGF-I. The GH/IGF-I system has an important role in cardiac development and in maintaining the structure and function of the heart. A subgroup of chil...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03345590
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Increased inhibin A serum and plasma levels in the second trimester are significantly associated with the development of preeclampsia. The measurement of inhibin A during early pregnancies may be helpful to predict those at risk of this disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 769G>A v...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03346418
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Testosterone therapy has been reported to be useful in the treatment of hypogonadism and partial androgen deficiency of the aging male (PADAM) syndrome. Testosterone administration is needed in order to maintain secondary sexual characteristics, muscle mass, bone mineral density, cognitive function and sexual drive. N...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In healthy pregnant women, the regulation of thyroid function depends upon several factors. Three factors act independently to increase thyroid hormone requirements: 1) the marked increase in the binding capacity of serum due to high TBG levels; 2) the direct stimulation of the thyroid by human chorionic gonadotropin,...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF03348861
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::EP1572 UMV1843 [Aib-DTrp-DgTrp-CHO]) is a new peptido-mimetic GH secretagogue (GHS) showing binding potency to the GHS-receptor in animal and human tissues similar to that of ghrelin and peptidyl GHS. EP1572 induces marked GH increase after s.c. administration in neonatal rats. Preliminary data in 2 normal young men s...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03345096
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Forty-three euthyroid patients with a single, solid, nonfunctioning thyroid nodule were submitted to fine needle aspiration biopsy and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) was measured before and after (48h) 10 U of bovine TSH. Twenty-two normal subjects were also submitted to the bTSH test. Patients with nonfunctioning nodules w...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03348125
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association of osteoprotegerin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with glycemic indices and diabetes status. METHODS:A total of 44 normoalbuminuric Type 1 diabetic patients and 44 healthy control subjects, matched for age, body mass index, sex rati...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03347110
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::GH secretion in acromegaly was studied in 8 patients before and during treatment with SMS 201-995, a somatostatin analogue, 100 micrograms twice daily, by evaluating GH day profiles and GH suppressibility after oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Normalization of GH secretion, estimated by OGTT, was only observed in ...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03350758
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reduced cardiac mass and performances are present in GH deficiency and are counteracted by rhGH replacement. GH and IGF-I possess specific myocardial receptors and have been reported able to exert an acute inotropic effect. Synthetic GH secretagogues (GHS) possess specific pituitary and hypothalamic but even myocardia...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microvessel density (MVD) represents a measure of angiogenesis and may be used as an indicator of neoplastic aggressiveness. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role as angiogenic promoter by stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and migration and enhancing vascular permeability. The aim of ...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03345118
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an inherited disease which may comprise many endocrine and non-endocrine components. GH insufficiency has not been recognised as a classical manifestation of this syndrome. We describe the case of a girl with APECED, who presented with four end...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03345481
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Visfatin [pre-B cell colony- enhancing factor (PBEF)] is a cytokine highly expressed in visceral fat that exhibits insulin-mimetic properties. However, its role in insulin-resistant states, such as in metabolic syndrome (MetS), remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the possible differences of pl...
journal_title:Journal of endocrinological investigation
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF03346300
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00