Abstract:
OBJECTIVES: To estimate differences in annual income of physicians in the United States by race and sex adjusted for characteristics of physicians and practices. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey study. SETTING: Nationally representative samples of US physicians. PARTICIPANTS: The 2000-13 American Community Survey (ACS) included 43 213 white male, 1698 black male, 15 164 white female, and 1252 black female physicians. The 2000-08 Center for Studying Health System Change (HSC) physician surveys included 12 843 white male, 518 black male, 3880 white female, and 342 black female physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Annual income adjusted for age, hours worked, time period, and state of residence (from ACS data). Income was adjusted for age, specialty, hours worked, time period, years in practice, practice type, and percentage of revenue from Medicare/Medicaid (from HSC physician surveys). RESULTS: White male physicians had a higher median annual income than black male physicians, whereas race was not consistently associated with median income among female physicians. For example, in 2010-13 in the ACS, white male physicians had an adjusted median annual income of $253 042 (95% confidence interval $248 670 to $257 413) compared with $188 230 ($170 844 to $205 616) for black male physicians (difference $64 812; P<0.001). White female physicians had an adjusted median annual income of $163 234 ($159 912 to 166 557) compared with $152 784 ($137 927 to $167 641) for black female physicians (difference $10 450; P=0.17). $100 000 is currently equivalent to about £69 000 (€89 000). Patterns were unaffected by adjustment for specialty and characteristics of practice in the HSC physician surveys. CONCLUSIONS: White male physicians earn substantially more than black male physicians, after adjustment for characteristics of physicians and practices, while white and black female physicians earn similar incomes to each other, but significantly less than their male counterparts. Whether these differences reflect disparities in job opportunities is important to determine.
journal_name
BMJjournal_title
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)authors
Ly DP,Seabury SA,Jena ABdoi
10.1136/bmj.i2923subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-06-07 00:00:00pages
i2923eissn
0959-8138issn
1756-1833journal_volume
353pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Robots designed for surgery have three main advantages over humans. They have greater three dimensional spatial accuracy, are more reliable, and can achieve much greater precision. Although few surgical robots are yet in clinical trials one or two have advanced to the stage of seeking approval from the UK's Medical De...
journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
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journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
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journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
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journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1994-01-29 00:00:00
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:2011-04-26 00:00:00
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更新日期:2013-05-13 00:00:00
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更新日期:2012-08-08 00:00:00
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pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
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更新日期:1991-03-09 00:00:00
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journal_title:BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
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pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/bmj.b902
更新日期:2009-04-02 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2014-09-10 00:00:00
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更新日期:2011-05-24 00:00:00
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doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6866.1418
更新日期:1992-12-05 00:00:00