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When Bioequivalence in Healthy Volunteers May not Translate to Bioequivalence in Patients: Differential Effects of Increased Gastric pH on the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine Capsules and Tablets.

Abstract：

PURPOSE:Clinical studies have suggested that proton pump inhibitors may decrease levothyroxine absorption and an in vitro study suggested that the effect of pH on dissolution may differ with formulation. To determine the impact of formulation on the pharmacokinetics of levothyroxine in altered gastric pH conditions, this study compared the pharmacokinetics of levothyroxine capsules and tablets, two formulations deemed bioequivalent in healthy volunteers under fasting conditions, when taken with or without esomeprazole. METHODS:Two clinical studies were conducted in healthy volunteers given single dose levothyroxine (600 mg) with a 45-day washout period. In Study 1 (parallel-design/two-way crossover), 16 subjects received either levothyroxine capsules or tablets, each group with or without prior administration of intravenous esomeprazole (maximum dose of 80 mg). In Study 2 (two-way crossover), 16 subjects received both capsules or tablets after intravenous esomeprazole. Blood samples were collected pre-dose and up to 24 hours post-dose. Baseline-adjusted pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: Cmax (maximal concentration), Tmax (time to Cmax), AUC0-t (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to the last detectable concentration), AUC0-6 and AUC0-12 (areas under the curve from 0 to 6 and 12 hours, respectively). Analyses of variance were conducted to compare ln-transformed Cmax and AUC. Non-parametric Tmax analyses were done. RESULTS:In Study 1, esomeprazole caused a greater decrease in overall levothyroxine exposure of tablets vs. capsules (13% vs 6% for Cmax, 18% vs. 14% for AUC(0-6), 17% vs. 5% for AUC(0-12) and 10% vs. 8% for AUC(0-t)). In Study 2 esomeprazole administration resulted in a 16% smaller levothyroxine exposure with tablets vs. capsules. No statistically significant differences in Tmax were found. CONCLUSIONS:Although both formulations are considered "bioequivalent" in healthy volunteers, they may not necessarily be bioequivalent in patients with impaired gastric pH conditions. Levothyroxine capsules may therefore be more appropriate for patients with decreased gastric acidity.

journal_name

J Pharm Pharm Sci

journal_title

Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques

authors

Seng Yue C,Benvenga S,Scarsi C,Loprete L,Ducharme MP

doi

10.18433/j36p5m

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-01-01 00:00:00

pages

844-55

issue

issn

1482-1826

journal_volume

pub_type

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When Bioequivalence in Healthy Volunteers May not Translate to Bioequivalence in Patients: Differential Effects of Increased Gastric pH on the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine Capsules and Tablets.