Abstract:
:Breast cancer arising at a young age is relatively uncommon, particularly in the developed world. Several studies have demonstrated that younger patients often experience a more aggressive disease course and have poorer outcome compared to older women. Expression of key biomarkers, including endocrine receptors, HER2 and proliferation markers, appears to be different in younger patients and young women are more likely to harbor a genetic predisposition. Despite these differences, little research to date has focused on the biology of these tumors to refine prognosis, and potentially direct treatment strategies, which remain similar to those offered to older patients. Accumulating evidence suggests the differences in breast stroma in younger patients and changes that occur with pregnancy and breastfeeding likely contribute to the different biology of these tumors. Reproductive behaviors appear to impact the biology of tumors developing later in life. In addition, tumors arising during or shortly following pregnancy appear to exhibit unique biological features. In this review, we discuss our emerging understanding of the biology of breast cancer arising at a young age at both the pathologic and the genomic level. We elucidate the potential role of genomic signatures, the impact of pregnancy and breastfeeding on breast cancer biology, and how even current knowledge might advance the clinical management of young breast cancer patients.
journal_name
Breast Cancer Resjournal_title
Breast cancer research : BCRauthors
Azim HA Jr,Partridge AHdoi
10.1186/s13058-014-0427-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-08-27 00:00:00pages
427issue
4eissn
1465-5411issn
1465-542Xpii
s13058-014-0427-5journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Preclinical investigations and selected clinical observational studies support an association between higher vitamin D intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with lower breast cancer risk. However, the recently updated report from the Institute of Medicine concluded that, for cancer and vitamin D, the evidence was 'inc...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/bcr2846
更新日期:2011-08-16 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past 8 years there has been a wealth of breast cancer gene expression studies. The majority of these studies have focused upon characterising a tumour at presentation, before treatment, rather than looking at the effects of treatment on the tumour. More recently, a number of groups have moved from predicting ...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 评论,社论
doi:10.1186/bcr2196
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Improvements in the detection and treatment of breast cancer have dramatically altered its clinical course and outcome. However, prevention of breast cancer remains an elusive goal. Parity, age of menarche, and age at menopause are major risk factors drawing attention to the important role of the endocrine system in d...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/bcr431
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two articles previously published in Breast Cancer Research illustrate the high rates of breast cancer in Marin County, a wealthy, urban county immediately northwest of the city of San Francisco. I herein comment on these articles, and on the political/psychological/scientific dilemma presented by regions with high ca...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/bcr633
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The potential of applying data analysis tools to microarray data for diagnosis and prognosis is illustrated on the recent breast cancer dataset of van 't Veer and coworkers. We re-examine that dataset using the novel technique of logical analysis of data (LAD), with the double objective of discovering patt...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr1512
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Primary breast cancer involving four or more axillary lymph nodes carries a poor prognosis. We hypothesized that use of an immunohistochemical biomarker scoring system could allow for identification of variable risk subgroups. METHODS:Patients with four or more positive axillary nodes were identified from...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1186/bcr1847
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was to develop and validate a prognostication model to predict overall and breast cancer specific survival for women treated for early breast cancer in the UK. METHODS:Using the Eastern Cancer Registration and Information Centre (ECRIC) dataset, information was collated for 5,694 wom...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr2464
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Current approaches to inhibit oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) are focused on targeting its hormone-binding pocket and have limitations. Thus, we propose that inhibitors that bind to a coactivator-binding pocket on ERα, called activation function 2 (AF2), might overcome some of these limitations. METHODS:In...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0529-8
更新日期:2015-02-25 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Breast cancers frequently metastasise to the skeleton where they cause osteolytic bone destruction by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone and by preventing osteoblasts from producing new bone. The Runt-related transcription factor 2, Runx2, is an important determinant of bone metastasis in breast cancer...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr3048
更新日期:2011-10-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) has largely replaced film-screen mammography in the US. Breast density assessed from film mammograms is strongly associated with breast cancer risk, but data are limited for processed FFDM images used for clinical care. METHODS:We conducted a case-control study nested a...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0715-3
更新日期:2016-05-21 00:00:00
abstract::RAD51C is an integral part of the DNA double-strand repair through homologous recombination, and monoallelic mutations were found in ~1.3% of BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer (BC) and/or ovarian cancer (OC) families. Several studies confirmed the occurrence of RAD51C mutations predominantly in BC and/or OC families, alt...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 信件
doi:10.1186/bcr3589
更新日期:2013-12-20 00:00:00
abstract::Certain laminins of vascular basement membranes have been identified in human breast tumors and brain gliomas that share the same beta1 chain. These laminins are new carcinoma angiogenic markers and might represent potential targets for antiangiogenic therapy. ...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr1270
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Progesterone receptor status is a marker for hormone responsiveness and disease prognosis in breast cancer. Progesterone receptor negative tumours have generally been shown to have a poorer prognosis than progesterone receptor positive tumours. The observed loss of progesterone receptor could be through a range of mec...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/bcr2097
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) differentially modulates breast epithelial cell growth through insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and IGF-independent pathways and is a direct (IGF-independent) growth inhibitor as well as a mitogen that potentiates EGF (epidermal growth factor...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr963
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Cytokeratin (CK) 14, one of several markers expressed in normal myoepithelial/basal cells, is also expressed in a proportion of breast carcinomas. Previous studies have suggested that expression of such 'basal' markers predicts different biological behaviour, with more frequent lung and brain metastases an...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr1636
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:There is an unmet clinical need for biomarkers to identify breast cancer patients at an increased risk of developing brain metastases. The objective is to identify gene signatures and biological pathways associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) brain metastasis. METHODS:We...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr3625
更新日期:2014-03-14 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Metastasis is the major cause of death from breast cancer. Colonization and adaption of metastatic cells in distant organs is a rate-limiting step of the cancer spreading. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the colonization of breast cancer to lung metastatic niches are not fully understood. METHODS:...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13058-019-1114-3
更新日期:2019-02-12 00:00:00
abstract::PIK3CA mutations represent one of the most common genetic aberrations in breast cancer. They have been reported to be present in over one-third of cases, with enrichment in the luminal and in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive subtypes. Substantial preclinical data on the oncogenic properties of these m...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1186/bcr3605
更新日期:2014-01-23 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Radiation exposure at a young age is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. Germline mutations in genes involved in the DNA-damage repair pathway (DDRP) may render women more susceptible to radiation-induced breast cancer. METHODS:We evaluated the contribution of germline mutations in the DD...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr1668
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly expressed in Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2(+) (Her2(+)) breast cancers. Overexpression of PTK6 enhances anchorage-independent survival, proliferation, and migration of breast cancer cells. We hypothesized that PTK6 inhibiti...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0594-z
更新日期:2015-06-19 00:00:00
abstract::A recent analysis by the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has provided the most precise quantification to date of the familial risks of breast cancer. The familial relative risks are shown to decrease from more than fivefold in women younger than age 40 years with a first-degree relative aged y...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1186/bcr448
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) gene amplification (HER2+) drives tumor cell growth and survival in ~25% of breast cancers. HER2 signaling activates the type I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), upon which these tumors rely. Consequently, inhibitors of HER2 and type I PI3K block growth and i...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0656-2
更新日期:2015-12-04 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Human epidermal growth factor receptor HER3 has been implicated in promoting the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of breast cancer. Upregulation of HER3 has been found to be a major mechanism underlying drug resistance to EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors and to endocrine therapy in the treat...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0528-9
更新日期:2015-02-15 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Recent studies have demonstrated that members of the GATA-binding protein (GATA) family (GATA4 and GATA5) might have pivotal roles in the transcriptional upregulation of mucin genes (MUC2, MUC3 and MUC4) in gastrointestinal epithelium. The zinc-finger GATA3 transcription factor has been reported to be invo...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr1617
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The European Network for Breast Development and Cancer (ENBDC) Workshop on ‘Methods in Mammary Gland Development and Cancer’ has grown into the essential, international technical discussion forum for scientists with interests in the normal and neoplastic breast. The fifth ENBDC meeting was held in Weggis, Switzerland ...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type:
doi:10.1186/bcr3497
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The association of breast cancer patients’ mortality with estrogen receptor (ER) status (ER + versus ER-) has been well studied. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between the quantitative measures of ER expression and mortality. METHODS:We evaluated the association between semi-q...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr3486
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer (kConFab) is a multidisciplinary, collaborative framework for the investigation of familial breast cancer. Based in Australia, the primary aim of kConFab is to facilitate high-quality research by amassing a large and comp...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr1377
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although numerous studies have reported that tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I (TRPS1) protein, the only reported atypical GATA transcription factor, is overexpressed in various carcinomas, the underlying mechanism(s) by which it contributes to cancer remain unknown. METHODS:Both overexpression and kn...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/s13058-018-1018-7
更新日期:2018-08-02 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Mammary stem cells are bipotential and suggested to be the origin of breast cancer development, but are elusive and vaguely characterized. Breast tumors can be divided into subgroups, each one requiring specific treatment. To determine a possible association between mammary stem cells and breast cancer, a ...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr2256
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was to describe breast tumor subtypes by common breast cancer risk factors and to determine correlates of subtypes using baseline data from two pooled prospective breast cancer studies within a large health maintenance organization. METHODS:Tumor data on 2544 invasive breast cancer c...
journal_title:Breast cancer research : BCR
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1186/bcr2261
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00