Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Breastfeeding is known to be the biological norm. Despite this, many women wean their babies because of perceived insufficient breast milk production. Mothers are sometimes advised to increase their fluid intake in the hope that this could improve breast milk production. The effect of extra fluid on human breast milk production is not well established, however. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect of extra fluid for breastfeeding mothers on milk production/supply and infant growth. SEARCH METHODS:We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (27 April 2014), MEDLINE (1966 to 27 April 2014), African Journals Online (27 April 2014) and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA:Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials on extra fluids for breastfeeding mothers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Two review authors independently assessed the potential studies for inclusion and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS:Five trial reports were retrieved using the search strategies. Four trials were excluded. We did not identify any randomised controlled trials for inclusion but we included one quasi-randomised study (involving 210 women) that evaluated the effect of extra fluid for breastfeeding mothers on breastfeeding outcomes. The study was considered to be at a high risk of bias. Only one of this review's primary outcomes was reported (breast milk production (as defined by the trialist)) but data were not in a suitable format for analysis (no standard deviations or standard errors were reported). The trialist reported that advising women to drink extra fluids did not improve breast milk production. No data were reported for the review's other primary outcomes: satisfactory weight gain in the infant (as defined by the trialists) and duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months). Similarly, no data were reported for any of this review's secondary outcomes: duration of any breastfeeding; mother's satisfaction with breastfeeding; hydration in mother; dehydration in the infant; or episodes of gastrointestinal illness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:This review only identified one small quasi-randomised controlled trial of low quality and high risk of bias. The study provided limited data on only one of this review's primary outcomes, breast milk production, but the data were not reported in a format that permitted further analysis. The trialist reported that extra fluids did not improve breast milk production. However, this outcome was measured by using test feeds (also known as test weighing). In the 1950s, when the study was conducted, it was common for babies in developed countries to be weighed before and after a feed, known as test weighing or test feeding. However, this practice is not now routinely practiced for term infants due to concerns about lack of precision as a measure of breast milk production. The included study did not report on this review's other primary outcomes (satisfactory weight gain in the infant or duration of exclusive breastfeeding) nor any of the review's secondary outcomes.The effect of additional fluids for breastfeeding mothers remains unknown, due to a lack of well-conducted trials. However, because the physiological basis for any such improvement remains unclear, the conduct of further clinical trials may not be a priority. There is not enough evidence to support an increased fluid intake beyond what breastfeeding mothers are likely to require to meet their physiological needs.
journal_name
Cochrane Database Syst Revjournal_title
The Cochrane database of systematic reviewsauthors
Ndikom CM,Fawole B,Ilesanmi REdoi
10.1002/14651858.CD008758.pub2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-06-11 00:00:00pages
CD008758issue
6issn
1469-493Xpub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Vomiting caused by acute gastroenteritis is very common in children and adolescents. Treatment of vomiting in children can be problematic and the use of antiemetics remains a controversial issue. There have been concerns expressed about apparently unacceptable levels of side effects such as sedation and extr...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005506.pub2
更新日期:2006-07-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Haemorrhoids (piles) are swollen veins at or near the anus, normally asymptomatic. They do not constitute a disease, unless they become symptomatic. Pregnancy and the puerperium predispose to symptomatic haemorrhoids, being the most common ano-rectal disease at these stages. Symptoms are usually mild and tra...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004077.pub2
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Fractures of the hip are an important cause of later ill health and mortality in elderly people. People with hip fractures are often malnourished at the time of fracture, and have poor food intake in hospital. OBJECTIVES:This review assesses the effects of nutritional interventions in elderly people recover...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001880
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Vitamin B6 plays vital roles in numerous metabolic processes in the human body, such as nervous system development and functioning. It has been associated with some benefits in non-randomised studies, such as higher Apgar scores, higher birthweights, and reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia and preterm birth. ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000179.pub2
更新日期:2006-04-19 00:00:00
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007705.pub2
更新日期:2010-12-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although medication is the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia, always, some sort of informal or formal talking therapy is indicated. In cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) links are made between the person's feelings and patterns of thinking which underpin their distress. OBJECTIVES:To review the effec...
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000524
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002300
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition among patients in intensive care units (ICU), and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a blood purification technique used to treat the most severe forms of AKI but its effectiveness remains uncl...
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010613.pub2
更新日期:2016-10-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) a genetic defect in type I collagen results in multiple fractures with little or no trauma. Bisphosphonates are used to attempt to reduce these fractures. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effectiveness and safety of bisphosphonates in increasing bone mineral density (BMD), reducing f...
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更新日期:2008-10-08 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Transthoracic defibrillation is a potentially life-saving treatment for people with ventricular fibrillation (VF) and haemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT). In recent years, biphasic waveforms have become more commonly used for defibrillation than monophasic waveforms. Clinical trials of int...
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更新日期:2016-02-10 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Epidemiological evidence has suggested a link between beta(2)-agonists and increased asthma mortality. There has been much debate about possible causal links for this association, and whether regular (daily) long-acting beta(2)-agonists are safe. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this review is to assess the risk of fa...
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006922.pub2
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abstract:BACKGROUND:Up to half the people with tuberculosis do not complete their treatment. Thus strategies that improve adherence to treatment regimens are important. OBJECTIVES:To compare policies of directly observed therapy with self treatment at home in people requiring treatment for clinically active tuberculosis, or re...
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doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003343
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Postoperative pain remains a significant issue with poor perioperative pain management associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Liposomal bupivacaine is an analgesic consisting of bupivacaine hydrochloride encapsulated within multiple, non-concentric lipid bi-layers offering a novel meth...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011476.pub2
更新日期:2016-08-25 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Chest physiotherapy has been used to clear secretions and help lung ventilation in newborns who have needed mechanical ventilation for respiratory problems. However concerns about the safety of some forms of chest physiotherapy have been expressed. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of active chest physiother...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000283
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common problem. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome. Combined oral contraceptives, which provide both progestin and estrogen, have been examined for their ability to relieve premenstrual symptoms. An oral contraceptive containing d...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006586.pub4
更新日期:2012-02-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007235.pub4
更新日期:2019-09-25 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Leg ulceration is a common, chronic, recurring condition. The estimated prevalence of leg ulcers in the UK population is 1.5 to 3 per 1000. Venous ulcers (also called stasis or varicose ulcers) comprise 80% to 85% of all leg ulcers. Electromagnetic therapy (EMT) is sometimes used as a treatment to assist the...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002933.pub4
更新日期:2011-03-16 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Couple therapy for depression has the twofold aim of modifying negative interaction patterns and increasing mutually supportive aspects of intimate relationships, changing the interpersonal context of depression. Couple therapy is included in several guidelines among the suggested treatments for depression. ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004188.pub3
更新日期:2018-06-08 00:00:00
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004219.pub4
更新日期:2015-10-06 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Initial resuscitation with air is well tolerated by most infants born at term. However, the optimal fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FiO2 - proportion of the breathed air that is oxygen) targeted to oxygen saturation (SpO2 - an estimate of the amount of oxygen in the blood) for infants born preterm ...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期:2018-05-04 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate inhaled shortly before exercise appear to reduce the severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. There is some debate over which drug may be more effective. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this review was to compare the effects on post-exercise lung function betwe...
journal_title:The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
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更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Infant hepatitis B infection increases the risk of chronic infection, cirrhosis or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) in the adult. Perinatal transmission is a common route of infection. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effectiveness and adverse effects of hepatitis B vaccine administered to pregnant women for...
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更新日期:2014-11-11 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is one of the most common occurring retinal vascular abnormalities. The pathogenesis of BRVO is thought to involve both retinal vein compression and damage to the vessel wall, possibly leading to thrombus formation at sites where retinal arterioles cross retinal veins. Th...
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更新日期:2013-01-31 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 2, 2007. The role of radiotherapy (both pelvic external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and vaginal intracavity brachytherapy (VBT)) in stage I endometrial cancer following hysterectomy remains controversial. OBJECTIVES:To assess the eff...
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pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
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更新日期:2012-03-14 00:00:00