Abstract：
:Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) transcription is dependent on the interaction of host-cell transcription factors with cis-regulatory DNA elements within the viral long terminal repeat (LTR). Much attention has focused on the series of sequence elements upstream of the transcriptional initiation site in the U3 region of the LTR including the Sp1 and NF-kappaB binding sites. Recent studies, however, demonstrate that the transcribed 5'-untranslated leader region (5'-UTR) also contains important transcriptional elements. These regulatory elements situated downstream of transcription interact with constitutive and inducible transcription factors, mediate transmission of cellular activation signals, and are important for efficient HIV-1 transcription and replication. The 5'-UTR contains binding sites for the transcription factors AP-1, NF-kappaB, NF-AT, IRF, and Sp1. Mutations in these binding sites can interfere with the viral response to cell activation signals, decrease LTR transcription, and inhibit viral replication. The 5'-UTR also interacts with a specific nucleosome that is rapidly displaced during transcriptional activation of the latent provirus. We propose that the inducible transcription factor binding sites in the 5'-UTR comprise a downstream enhancer domain that can function independent of, or in concert with, the LTR promoter to rapidly increase latent proviral transcription in response to cell activation signals. In this review, we describe the host-cell transcription factors that interact with the 5'-UTR and discuss their role in the transcriptional regulation of HIV-1 gene expression.
journal_name
Int J Mol Medjournal_title
International journal of molecular medicineauthors
Al-Harthi L,Roebuck KAdoi
10.3892/ijmm.1.5.875subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-05-01 00:00:00pages
875-81issue
5eissn
1107-3756issn
1791-244Xjournal_volume
1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The development of new osteoconductive bone substitute materials is expected in medicine. In this study, we attempted to produce new hydroxylapatite (HAP)/collagen (Col) composites using two HAP particles of different sizes and porcine type I collagen. The two HAP particles were either nano-sized (40 nm in average dia...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2013.1516
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity contributes to the etiologies of a variety of comorbid conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In the present study, the anti-obesity effects of yellow catfish protein hydrolysate (YPh) were observed in mice fed a 45% kcal high-fat diet (HFD) compared with those of mice tr...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2017.3063
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the major lipid-carrier protein in the brain, and several studies provided evidence that ApoE epsilon4 allele can be considered a genetic risk factor for vascular diseases. Findings indicate that Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) may have common risk factors and/or pathogene...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antioxidative flavonoids are used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in humans. However, the precise mechanism for the anti-atherosclerotic actions of flavonoids remains to be elucidated. In the present study, to assess the mechanism for the action of antioxidative flavonoids on atherosclerosis, we investig...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2010.554
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adrenomedullin (AM) is a hypotensive peptide, which originates from the proteolytic cleavage of pro(p)AM and acts via AM22-52-sensitive receptors. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction allowed the detection of the specific mRNAs of pAM in the mononuclear hematopoietic cells of the cord blood and immunocytoch...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:p38 has been shown to be involved in TGF-beta-induced gene expression, but the upstream of the signaling pathway leading to the activation of p38 is left undefined. We investigated the pathway in cultured human keratinocytes (HaCat cells). Western blot analysis revealed that TGF-beta induced the activation of p38 with...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.4.6.605
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2015.2176
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2015.2099
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent causes of abnormal liver dysfunction, and its prevalence has markedly increased. We previously evaluated the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in NAFLD and reported changes in expression that could contribute to increased fatty acid s...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is abundantly clear that tumor-derived parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are central contributors in promoting osteolytic process of breast carcinoma bone metastasis. Forcusing on this molecular basis, the study was undertak...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2018.3515
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.3.2.199
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2020.4538
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:DNA microarrays, which are among the most popular genomic tools, are widely applied in biology and medicine. Boutique arrays, which are small, spotted, dedicated microarrays, constitute an inexpensive alternative to whole-genome screening methods. The data extracted from each microarray-based experiment must be transf...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2013.1443
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2014.1776
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2012.1089
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2011.724
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.4.5.487
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which involves the blood and bone marrow, is the most common type of cancer in children younger than 5 years of age. Previous studies have investigated the effects of centipedegrass extract (CGE), which is mainly composed of maysin and its derivatives, and have demonstrated that it ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2014.2012
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2011.791
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Clinical trials have started to implement tumor-associated antigens in the form of antigenic peptides in order to augment CD8(+) T-cell responses directed against autologous cancer cells. One of the surrogate markers for successful immunization is the characterization of T-lymphocytes reacting to the immunizing peptid...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.3.2.139
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin on endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) migration and to explore the possible mechanisms. EPCs were treated with metformin, and the migration of EPCs was evaluated by wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. We also examined the expression levels ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2017.2929
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) are important aspects of atherogenesis. Activated growth factor signaling in injured vessels subsequently promotes a number of intracellular events resulting in the phenotypic modulation of SMC. Here, we investigated the role of beta2-chimaerin, a n...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is an autosomal dominant neoplastic disorder characterized by hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytoma, and islet cell tumors. This syndrome is closely related with the VHL, a tumor suppressor gene, implying that loss of functi...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyposalivation is an intractable side‑effect of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. It is caused by the irreversible loss of acinar cells and decreased saliva secretion. However, this situation severely compromises the quality of life of affected patients. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this conditi...
journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm.2014.1837
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3892/ijmm_00000304
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
