Abstract：
:While screening patients for thyroid disease, physicians often find increased thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in patients whose free thyroxine (T4) levels are not below normal. This state, termed "subclinical hypothyroidism," is most commonly an early stage of hypothyroidism. Although the condition may resolve or remain unchanged, within a few years in some patients, overt hypothyroidism develops, with low free T4 levels as well as a raised TSH level. The likelihood that this will happen increases with greater TSH elevations and detectable antithyroid antibodies. Because patients with subclinical hypothyroidism sometimes have subtle hypothyroid symptoms and may have mild abnormalities of serum lipoproteins and cardiac function, patients with definite and persistent TSH elevation should be considered for thyroid treatment. Levothyroxine, in a dosage that maintains serum TSH levels within the normal range, is the preferred therapy in these patients.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Adlin Vsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-02-15 00:00:00pages
776-80issue
4eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
57pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Left ventricular hypertrophy is more common in hypertensive individuals than in normotensive persons. Its presence in hypertensive patients is associated with an increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke and cardiovascular mortality. Echocardiography is mor...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The differential diagnosis of eyelid erythema and edema is broad, ranging from benign, self-limiting dermatoses to malignant tumors and vision-threatening infections. A definitive diagnosis usually can be made on physical examination of the eyelid and a careful evaluation of symptoms and exposures. The finding of a sw...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Although local anesthesia usually is used in surgical procedures, field or nerve blocks can provide more effective anesthesia in some situations. In a field block, local anesthetic is infiltrated around the border of the surgical field, leaving the operative area undisturbed. In field blocks, epinephrine may be added ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Subungual hemorrhage, onychauxis, onychogryphosis, mycotic infections, onychia and paronychia are common toenail disorders in the elderly. The many contributing factors include impaired vision, changes in gait, past foot conditions and neurovascular disease. Hyperkeratotic disorders are secondary to external or intern...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A large number of drugs are introduced every year, and new interactions between medications are increasingly reported. Consequently, it is no longer practical for physicians to rely on memory alone to avoid potential drug interactions. Multiple drug regimens carry the risk of adverse interactions. Precipitant drugs mo...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A comprehensive medical history that includes questions about a personal and family history of cardiovascular disease is the most important initial component of the preparticipation athletic evaluation. Additional questions should focus on any history of neurologic or musculoskeletal problems. A limited physical exami...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The birth of a child with any developmental disability is an occasion of marked trauma to parents. Early, honest and frank counseling is imperative, and the family physician can play a unique role in this counseling process. When the physician is not knowledgeable in a paretcular case, he or she should seek expert hel...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peripartum depression affects up to one in seven women and is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity if untreated. A history of depression is the strongest risk factor for developing peripartum depression. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening pregnant and postpartum women f...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Manic episodes are characterized by the triad of unstable mood, pressured speech and increased motor activity. This type of episode is often due to bipolar disorder. Benzodiazepines and antipsychotic agents are generally used in the acute emergency management of mania. Lithium, carbamazepine or a valproate preparation...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used, but have risks associated with their use, including significant upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Older persons, persons taking anticoagulants, and persons with a history of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding associated with NSAIDs are at especia...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,实务指引
doi：
更新日期：2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Particularly in rural settings, Trichophyton verrucosum commonly causes an inflammatory tinea infection, sometimes called 'barn itch." There is usually a history of contact with animals. The demonstration of clusters of large spores in a potassium hydroxide preparation of scrappings obtained from clinically involved s...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Use of a diaphragm plus spermicide provides effective protection against pregnancy in motivated women and decreases the risk for some sexually transmitted diseases. Potential risks of this contraceptive method include the development of urinary tract infections and the possible teratogenic effects of nonoxynol-9, the ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Upper extremity bursae are injured through a number of processes, including overuse, hemorrhage, crystal deposition, autoimmune diseases and infection. These injuries may be disabling and can pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for the clinician. Treatment of the most common forms is directed at pai...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:AIDS dementia complex is a major source of disability for many AIDS patients. Less commonly, the spinal cord or peripheral nerves are affected by HIV infection. Physicians working with AIDS patients must differentiate these manifestations from those caused by the infectious, neoplastic and vascular complications. ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neck pain is a common presenting symptom in the primary care setting and causes significant disability. The broad differential diagnosis requires an efficient but global assessment; therefore, emphasis is typically placed on red flags that can assist in the early recognition and treatment of more concerning diagnoses,...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the widespread use of propoxyphene products as analgesics, there is no profile of a typical abuser of propoxyphene. Propoxyphene is structurally related to methadone and has central nervous system effects similar to those of opioids. The patient with dependence needs professional help in withdrawing from propo...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The practicality of the office spirometer as an effective, inexpensive diagnostic device is well established. It can be used in a matter of seconds by minimally trained office personnel. Two basic parameters can be quickly and accurately measured: forced vital capacity (FVC), a test of volume indicative of restrictive...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although early management of children with hearing loss is extremely important, diagnosis is often delayed because the development of hearing-impaired children parallels that of normal infants until the age of nine months. A high-risk registry aids in recognition of hearing-impaired children, but fails to identify tho...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Risk factors for stroke should be evaluated in patients who have had a transient ischemic attack. Blood pressure, lipid levels, and diabetes mellitus should be controlled. When applicable, smoking cessation and weight loss also are important. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy may help prevent stroke. Asp...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gastroesophageal reflux is defined as the passage of stomach contents into the esophagus with or without accompanied regurgitation (spitting up) and vomiting. It is a normal physiologic process that occurs throughout the day in infants and less often in children and adolescents. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,病人教育讲义
doi：
更新日期：2015-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain encountered in the outpatient setting in adolescents and adults younger than 60 years. The incidence in the United States is between 3% and 6%. The cardinal feature of PFPS is pain in or around the anterior knee that intensifies...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2019-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The specific type of epilepsy must be identified. The history and the EEG provide the evidence. Drug selection is then based on the classification of the patient's epilepsy. Major drugs used in the management of epilepsy are phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, ethosuximide and valproic acid. The physic...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hyperparathyroidism is a common cause of hypercalcemia. The hypercalcemia usually is discovered during a routine serum chemistry profile. Often, there has been no previous suspicion of this disorder. In most patients initially believed to be asymptomatic, previously unrecognized symptoms resolve with surgical correcti...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and a deterioration in the microarchitecture of bone that increases its susceptibility to fracture. The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as a bone mineral density that is 2.5 standard deviations or more below the reference mean for healthy, young ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:House calls can still serve many functions in the overall care of the patient. By improving the relationship between physician and patient, providing the physician with important information that can only be gained from a home visit and allowing the physician to remain active in the care of the homebound patient, hous...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Middle ear fluid is a common problem in children. Eustachian tube dysfunction has been considered the key to the pathogenesis of this disorder, but new studies show that other factors may be operative. Inflammation appears to play a significant role in high-viscosity effusion, and these effusions may be related to acu...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute renal failure occurs in 5 percent of hospitalized patients. Etiologically, this common condition can be categorized as prerenal, intrinsic or postrenal. Most patients have prerenal acute renal failure or acute tubular necrosis (a type of intrinsic acute renal failure that is usually caused by ischemia or toxins)...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic liver disease is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. Hepatitis C virus infection is the most frequent cause of chronic liver disease and the most common indication for liver transplantation. Preventive care can significantly reduce the progression of liver disease. Alcohol and hepatitis C vir...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of pleural mesothelioma will probably increase into the next century. A complete occupational history should include an inquiry about asbestos exposure, especially in patients with chest pain or dyspnea. The latency period between exposure and mesothelioma is as long as 50 years. In some patients, early ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More women, men and children receive medical care each month in the offices of primary care physicians than any other professional setting. There is an urgent need for health policies that encourage further innovation and implementation ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-09-15 00:00:00
