Abstract:
:DNA vaccines can induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses without any additional adjuvant. Recent studies indicate that unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within DNA vaccines are immune stimulatory and exert an essential endogenous adjuvant activity. These CpG motifs can be added deliberately to DNA or conventional protein vaccines to enhance the Th1 immune response.
journal_name
Trends Microbioljournal_title
Trends in microbiologyauthors
Krieg AM,Yi AK,Schorr J,Davis HLdoi
10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01145-1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-01-01 00:00:00pages
23-7issue
1eissn
0966-842Xissn
1878-4380pii
S0966-842X(97)01145-1journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Bacterial pathogens are dependent on virulence factors to efficiently colonize and propagate within their hosts. Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens rely on specialized proteinaceous secretion systems that inject virulence factors, termed effectors, directly into host cells. These bacterial effector proteins perfor...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2012.02.007
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intestinal epithelial cells secrete a spectrum of chemoattractant and proinflammatory cytokines after invasion by bacteria. We suggest the novel concept that epithelial cells not only act as a mechanical barrier to invasive bacteria, but that they also signal the presence of invasive pathogens to the mucosal immune an...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)88894-0
更新日期:1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial motility relies chiefly on the rotation of a molecular propeller, the flagellar filament, which is constructed from the protein flagellin. Here, flagellin sequence conservation and diversity is examined in the light of the recently determined flagellar filament structure. As expected, the surface-exposed dom...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.008
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::For many years, there has been controversy over the role of antibodies in immunity to Candida, but recently specific antibodies to mannoproteins and hsp90 have been shown to be protective against murine candidiasis. Combined with technical advances in antibody engineering, this raises the possibility of harnessing suc...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0966-842x(96)10056-1
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA damage that blocks the transcription of genes is prioritized for repair by transcription-coupled DNA repair pathways. RNA polymerases stalled at DNA lesions obstruct repair enzymes, but this situation is turned to the advantage of the cell by transcription-repair coupling factors that remove the stalled RNA polyme...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.05.005
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) is a common and unintended consequence of antibiotic use. Clostridium difficile is the most common infectious aetiology of AAD; however, only approximately 25% of all AAD cases are associated with C. difficile infection, with the aetiology in the majority of cases remaining undete...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.001
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides significant protection against microbial invasion of the brain. However, the BBB is not impenetrable, and mechanisms by which viruses breach it are becoming clearer. In vivo and in vitro model systems are enabling identification of host and viral factors contributing to breakdown...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2012.03.009
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) are a family of proteins that are defined by the presence of two adjacent IgG-like folded subdomains. These promote binding to ligands by mechanisms that involve major conformational changes exemplified by the binding to fibrinogen by th...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.007
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The polysaccharide-rich wall, which envelopes the fungal cell, is pivotal to the maintenance of cellular integrity and for the protection of the cell from external aggressors - such as environmental fluxes and during host infection. This review considers the commonalities in the composition of the wall across the fung...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.015
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the past few decades, increasing attention has focused on pathogenic fungi both as fascinating research subjects and as the agents of serious illness in diverse patient populations. In particular, opportunistic fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans command notice as the ranks of their immunocompromised victims ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01890-4
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Legionella pneumophila secretes over 300 effector proteins that manipulate host cells. This multiplicity of effectors hampers the characterization of their individual roles. Shames et al. report a new approach to solve the enigma of Legionella effector function by using INSeq to analyse effector functions in the conte...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2018.01.003
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::During cellular entry and infection, the parvovirus capsid follows a complex path from the cell surface to the nucleus, where the DNA is replicated. Various receptors have been characterized that bind to different parvoviruses and mediate their entry into cells. However, the subsequent trafficking pathways within the ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.012
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Significant advances have been made in recent years in our understanding of how methicillin resistance is acquired by Staphylococcus aureus. Integration of a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element into the chromosome converts drug-sensitive S. aureus into the notorious hospital pathogen methicilin-res...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02175-8
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recognition of bacterial asymmetry is not new: the first high-resolution microscopy studies revealed that bacteria come in a multitude of shapes and sometimes carry asymmetrically localized external structures such as flagella on the cell surface. Even so, the idea that bacteria could have an inherent overall pola...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.01.004
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) uses several virulence factors to establish chronic respiratory infections in bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. One of its toxins, pyocyanin (PYO), is a redox-active pigment that is required for full virulence in animal models and has ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2012.10.004
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measles virus gene expression is attenuated in neural cells by mechanisms that affect both viral transcription and translation. Host enzymes that hypermutate viral genes, and those induced by cytokines, may act cooperatively to slow viral replication and to favor persistent measles virus infections in the human centra...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)88976-3
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spores produced by bacilli and clostridia are surrounded by a multilayered protein shell called the coat. As the armor-like appearance of the coat suggests, this structure, along with others within the spore, confers the remarkable resistance properties that make Bacillus anthracis spores such potent biological weapon...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(02)02373-9
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of 'molecular syringes' in several important gastrointestinal pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia, together with a better understanding of M cells and the mucosal immune system, has advanced our appreciation of multistage microorganism-host cell interactions. Recent st...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01828-x
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacteriophages are viruses of bacteria that are used for controlling bacterial food-borne pathogens and have been proposed for more extensive usage in infection control. Protists are now recognised to harbour viruses and virus-like particles. We propose that investigation of their prevalence in parasites be intensifie...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.02.006
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::To obtain iron from the host for growth, staphylococci have evolved sophisticated iron-scavenging systems including siderophores and a cell surface receptor for transferrin, the mammalian iron-transporting glycoprotein. The staphylococcal transferrin receptor has been identified as a member of a newly emerging family ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01728-5
更新日期:2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway is pivotal for immune system function. Not surprisingly, pathogenic microorganisms have developed strategies to subvert it. Two examples are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), oncogenic gammaherpesviruses that establish a lifelong latent inf...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.04.001
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacteria must segregate their DNA and position a septum to grow and divide. In many bacteria, MinD is involved in spatial regulation of the cytokinetic Z ring, and ParAs are involved in chromosome and plasmid segregation. The use of the MinD/ParA family to provide positional information for spatial organization contin...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2012.05.002
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Third International Symposium on Advancing Science and Elimination of the Use of Laboratory Animals for Development and Control of Vaccines and Hormones, organized by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, The Netherlands) under the auspices of the International Association for Biologic...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type:
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02295-8
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of Bacillus anthracis virulence factors in its pathogenesis has been subjected to intense investigation with the aim of finding novel preventive and therapeutic protocols. Toxins that are endocytosed and act in the cytosol of host cells have a central role in B. anthracis infection. Understanding of anthrax t...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.003
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer progression begins when malignant cells colonize adjacent sites, and it is characterized by increasing tumor heterogeneity, invasion and dissemination of cancer cells. Clinically, progression is the most relevant stage in the natural history of cancers. A given virus is usually regarded as oncogenic because of ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.008
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the fact that dengue is one of the most prevalent viral infections of humans, the mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain uncertain. Evolutionary studies of dengue virus have revealed that its genetic diversity is increasing. This, coupled with evidence that viral strains could naturally differ in v...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01669-8
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deadly infections from opportunistic fungi have risen in frequency, largely because of the at-risk immunocompromised population created by advances in modern medicine and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This review focuses on dynamics of the fungal polysaccharide cell wall, which plays an outsized role in fungal pathogenesis a...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2018.01.007
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is the first chemoattractant to be described for a surface-motile bacterium. In Myxococcus xanthus, the specific activity of PE is determined by its fatty acid components. Two active species have been identified: dilauroyl PE and dioleoyl PE. Excitation to dilauroyl PE requires ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(01)01948-5
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fungal infections are on the rise due to new medical procedures that have increased the number of immune compromised patients, antibacterial antibiotics that disrupt the microbiome, and increased use of indwelling medical devices that provide sites for biofilm formation. Key to understanding the mechanisms of pathogen...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.001
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial phenotypes are predominantly studied in culture because detection of their specific metabolic pathways in the host is challenging. Development of stable-isotope breath tests, allowing in situ phenotype analyses, may endow diagnostics with new modalities based upon direct monitoring of in vivo microbial metab...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.013
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00