Abstract：
:Thyroid nodules are extremely common, affecting from 4% to 7% of the population. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the most accurate and cost-effective technique for nodule diagnosis. It is simple, safe, and should be the first test used in patient work-up. Routine thyroxine (T4) suppressive therapy is no longer recommended for cytologically benign nodules. T4 suppression can cause or aggravate osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. New data on T4 suppressive therapy, cost analysis, and nodule guidelines are reviewed.
journal_name
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Amjournal_title
Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North Americaauthors
Gharib Hdoi
10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70282-6subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-12-01 00:00:00pages
777-800issue
4eissn
0889-8529issn
1558-4410pii
S0889-8529(05)70282-6journal_volume
26pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This review has highlighted some of the experimental studies in animals and humans that have shown an important link between dietary change and atherosclerosis. This relationship was further supported by population studies showing a key role for saturated fat intake in the determination of serum cholesterol level and ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased fracture risk. Fracture as a complication of diabetes must be considered when evaluating and treating patients with...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.004
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Obesity is associated with a spectrum of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. Both the degree and the distribution of excess adipose tissue impact on the risk of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms that may lead to hypertension in obese individuals include inc...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serum thyroglobulin measurement has greatly facilitated the clinical management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and a variety of other thyroid disorders. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies remain a significant obstacle to the clinical use of thyroglobulin measurement. The interpretation of any given thyroglob...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70194-8
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The human adult adrenal cortex is composed of the zona glomerulosa (zG), zona fasciculata (zF), and zona reticularis (zR), which are responsible for production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens, respectively. The final completion of cortical zonation in humans does not occur until puberty w...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.001
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The study of genetic syndromes associated with adrenocortical tumors (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Li-Fraumeni, McCune-Albright, Carney, and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) has shed light on the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. Abnormalities at the 11p15 locus appear as crucial and frequent events found specifically in m...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70112-2
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucocorticoids mainly act through binding to cytosolic receptors that translocate to the nucleus after ligand binding, and dimerize to affect gene transcription in multiple fashions. The liganded receptors may interact with DNA at specific glucocorticoid responsive-elements, may physically hinder the ability of other...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts growth inhibitory and prodifferentiating effects on many malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models. Calcitriol is being evaluated as an anticancer agent in several human cancers. The mechanisms underlying the antic...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.011
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecular complexes in which hydrophobic molecules of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are enveloped within a monolayer of amphipathic molecules of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apoproteins. The major lipoprotein classes include intestinally derived chylomicrons that transport ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70023-2
更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The degree of hyperglycemia may be an important predictor of morbidity and mortality among patients with MI or stroke, and in those undergoing surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively controlled from the time of hospital admission regardless of the patient's primary me...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70162-6
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The notion that Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disease has been based primarily on the clinical associations between it and Graves' hyperthyroidism, and on the frequently beneficial response of the disease to immunosuppressive therapy. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to new insights into the pat...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70132-8
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this article, an overview is presented of hypophysitis in terms of current clinical and experimental findings, with discussion of the anatomic and histopathologic classification of primary hypophysitis and factors associated with secondary hypophysitis. In addition, discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features,...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2014.10.011
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Establishing the cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS) is one of the most challenging processes in clinical endocrinology. Biochemical testing, including measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), high-dose dexamethasone suppression, and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing, is integral to the differe...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2005.01.009
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gene causing MEN 1 has been localized to chromosome 11, band 11q13, by tumor deletion mapping studies and by family linkage studies. Molecular genetic markers flanking the MEN 1 gene have been defined, and they are of use in identifying disease gene carriers in a family. These individuals, who are at a high risk o...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Historically, systemic therapies for advanced, metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been poorly effective. However, as a result of a confluence of increasing knowledge of the biologic basis for thyroid cancer development and progression, identification of therapeutic agents that could target these biologic abnormalities...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2008.02.005
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endocrinopathies are significant consequences of the treatment of childhood cancers. The risk of developing these adverse events is related to the underlying disease and its treatment with cytotoxic agents and radiation therapy. This article reviews hypothalamic-pituitary, thyroid, and gonadal dysfunction, as well as ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2005.04.008
更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the last few years, there have been remarkable advances in the development of new and more sophisticated genetic techniques. These have allowed a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of genetically determined pediatric endocrine disorders and are paving the way for a radical change in diagnosis and trea...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2009.06.001
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aging in men is associated with a decrease in serum testosterone levels due to attrition in testicular Leydig cells and slowing of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator. The practicing endocrinologist is frequently consulted for consideration of testosterone therapy in older men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), a c...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.012
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in children is characterized by a high rate of response to treatment and low disease-specific mortality. Treatment of children with DTC has evolved toward a greater reliance on evaluation and monitoring with serial serum thyroglobulin measurements and ultrasound examinations. R...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2016.02.002
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy and procedures may face specific skin conditions. Skin diseases in transgender patients often are underdiagnosed and underrecognized despite their important impact on quality of life and mental health. This article discusses pathophysiology, diagnosis, and...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.005
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The 3243A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a genetic variant that is associated with a high risk of developing diabetes during life. Enhanced aging of pancreatic beta-cells, a reduced capacity of these cells to synthesize large amounts of insulin,and a resetting of the ATP/ADP-regulated K-channel seem to be ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2006.02.014
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The biologic actions of the peptides of the gastrointestinal tract indicate that they exert their effects by interacting with, in many instances, more than one receptor type and receptors on several tissues. Gut hormone profiles in pathophysiologic situations have not demonstrated a significant role for them in diseas...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mediators of neuroendocrine and autonomic function seem to play important roles in the core symptoms of major depression. Although centrally directed corticotropin-releasing hormones and norepinephrine contribute to core symptoms such as alterations in anxiety, arousal, and mood, they also exert significant potentiall...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(01)00022-6
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An approach to the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteoporosis is described. A system of classification of vertebral fractures is outlined, and the relative merits of different techniques for bone mineral density are discussed. The importance of identifying factors that accelerate bone loss is stressed. The ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Weight gain can be a significant barrier to the treatment of diabetes. Insulin detemir is a basal insulin analog that can help patients move safely toward glycemic targets with less weight gain. This review discusses the potential adverse effects of, and hypothesis for, weight gain resulting from intensive insulin man...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0889-8529(07)80006-5
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The prevalence of low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is dramatically increasing because of superior diagnostic imaging technologies. Remote-access endoscopic thyroidectomy is becoming more popular for the lack of a noticeable neck scar. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy, vestibular approach (TOETVA) is the ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2018.11.009
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in men. A discovery of major importance in the endocrinology of prostate cancer is that the testes contribute only 60% of total androgens in adult men; the remaining 40% are synthesized in peripheral tissues, including the normal and cancerous prostate, from inactive androge...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CVD is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have diabetes mellitus. Most such patients have at least one lipid abnormality. Managing these complex lipid disorders is a crucial component of comprehensive diabetes mellitus care and limits the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With ...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2004.11.004
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of morphologic and physiologic changes accompany pregnancy such as an increase in lactotrophs and prolactin production, and a decrease in gonadotropins and GH. The hormonal milieu can affect patients with prolactinomas, especially macroadenomas, to cause an increase in size in a minority of patients. Complica...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Health care providers and patients have lots of choice to treat type 2 diabetes, but the blood glucose improvement is limited. The one therapy with unlimited potential (at least theoretically) is insulin. Many studies show that glucose control is achievable with insulin safely in most patients with type 2 diabetes. Ef...
journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ecl.2012.03.004
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
