Abstract:
:Exercise represents the primary countermeasure used during spaceflight to maintain or restore maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), musculoskeletal structure, and orthostatic function. However, no single exercise or combination of prescriptions has proven entirely effective in restoring cardiovascular and musculoskeletal functions to preflight levels following prolonged spaceflight. As human spaceflight exposures increase in duration, assessment and development of various effective exercise-based protective procedures become paramount. This must involve improvement in specific countermeasure prescription as well as development of additional approaches that will allow space travelers greater flexibility and medical safety during long flights. Effective exercise prescription will be based on identification of basic physiological stimuli that maintain normal function in terrestrial gravity and understanding of how specific combinations of exercise characteristics e.g., duration, frequency, intensity, mode) can mimic these stimuli and affect the overall process of adaptation to microgravity. This can be accomplished only with greater emphasis of research on ground-based experiments. Future attention must be directed to improving exercise compliance while minimizing both crew time and the impact of the exercise on life-support resources.
journal_name
Med Sci Sports Exercjournal_title
Medicine and science in sports and exerciseauthors
Convertino VAdoi
10.1097/00005768-199608000-00010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-08-01 00:00:00pages
999-1014issue
8eissn
0195-9131issn
1530-0315journal_volume
28pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:PURPOSE:The effect of quantified resistance and high impact exercise training on bone mass as modified by age and oral contraceptive (OCont) use in young women was studied. METHODS:Women were categorized by age (18-23 vs 24-31 yr) and OCont use, and were then randomized into either three sessions of resistance exercis...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1097/00005768-200106000-00004
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Obesity in adolescence increases the risk for early adult cardiovascular disease. We recently showed that 6 months of diet, exercise, and metformin resulted in reductions in adiposity and that diet/exercise alone reduced proinflammatory factors and intrahepatic fat in pubertal children with uncomplicated obesit...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31823cef5e
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Physically active women have a reduced risk of breast cancer, but the dose of activity necessary and the role of energy balance and other potential mechanisms have not been fully explored in animal models. We examined treadmill and wheel running effects on mammary tumorigenesis and biomarkers in p53-deficient (...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819f1f05
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to measure the effects of temporal parameters on both ball velocity and upper limb joint kinetics to identify pathomechanical factors during the tennis serve and (b) to validate these pathomechanical factors by comparing injured and noninjured players. METHODS:The ser...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318299ae3b
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The best sprint performances are usually reached between the ages of 20 and 30 yr; however, even in well-trained individuals, performance continues to decrease with age. Although this inevitable decrease in performance has been related to reductions in muscular force, velocity, and power capabilities, these mea...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001039
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We used an algebraic model of resting heart rate (HRr), HRr-mn (HRo), to compare resting parasympathetic (n) and sympathetic (m) influence, intrinsic heart rate (HRo), and resting autonomic balance (Abal) in ten endurance-trained (ET) and ten nontrained (NT) men. The values of m, n, and Abal were determined by selecti...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/00005768-198902000-00008
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Fit individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have lower mortality risk compared with less fit counterparts, despite the presence of obesity as a component of the syndrome. To understand the importance of fitness in treating this condition, we examined the association of fitness and fatness with central hemody...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000916
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Stress fracture (SF) injuries in new recruits have long been attributed to low bone mineral density (BMD). Low areal BMD assessed using two-dimensional dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry imaging, however, reflects structural density and is affected by smaller measures of bone geometry. Recent studies support a...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181893cb7
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::To study the physiological responses to walking with hand-held weights (HWs), 12 untrained men completed three sub-maximal and two maximal treadmill tests. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, rate pressure product, and rating of perceived exer...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic exercise training induces an increase in coronary blood flow capacity that is associated with altered control of coronary vascular resistance and, therefore, coronary blood flow. The relative importance of metabolic, myogenic, endothelium-mediated, and neurohumoral control systems varies throughout the coronar...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00005768-199803000-00004
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Laboratory studies using direct calorimetry, a technique which is no longer either rare or difficult, have shown no essential differences between men and women who gain weight easily and the always lean. Both groups gained weight similarly when overeating by 1,000 kcal X d-1. Thermogenic responses to eating and the en...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition and maximal contraction strength of the human quadriceps femoris muscle. METHODS:Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis in your highly physical active males (N = 7). The MHC composition of...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005768-199808000-00006
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Physiological variables must often be scaled for body size differences to permit meaningful comparisons between subjects or groups. This study aimed to determine the proper relationship between body dimensions and left ventricular mass (LVM) via allometric scaling (AS) in 142 subjects (78 males, 64 females; ages 18-40...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005768-199702000-00003
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To test a hypothesis that the differences in running performances between men and women narrow with increasing race distance, recent best running speeds (m.s-1) of 28 female ultramarathon runners over racing distances from 5 to 90 km were compared with those of male runners matched for 56 km race time, age and trainin...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005768-199702000-00013
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The effects of chronic exercise training on the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) in skeletal muscle of senescent animals are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exercise training on skeletal muscle HSP expression in both young and old rats. METHODS:Youn...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005768-200105000-00008
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The past 10-15 yr have witnessed a rapid increase in the development of new (and not so new) statistical methods that capitalize on recent advances in high-speed computing. These computer-intensive methods are often broadly referred to as resampling techniques and take several forms depending on the specific details o...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Loud sounds can decrease reaction time (RT) and increase force generated during voluntary contractions. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the loud starter's pistol at the Olympic Games allows runners closer to the starter to react sooner and stronger than runners farther away. METHODS:RT for the 100/110 m...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816770e1
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in a cohort of Division 1 collegiate football players. METHODS:Ninety football players were evaluated in a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and associated risk factors. Obesity was...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181abdfec
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Hyperventilation increases the clearance of carbon monoxide (CO) from blood; thus, we hypothesized that CO elimination would be enhanced with exercise. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of exercise on the half-life of carboxyhemolobin elimination. METHODS:Six healthy subjects (three males and three f...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182602a00
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute aerobic exercise improves mood and activates the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in physically active individuals; however, both mood and eCB responses to exercise may vary based on habitual levels of physical activity. PURPOSE:This study aimed to examine eCB and mood responses to prescribed and preferred exercise...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001276
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In "normal" conditions (e.g., normoxia, absence of pathological conditions) convective and diffusive O(2) delivery to skeletal muscle fibers do not seem to represent important determinants for the kinetics of adjustment of oxidative phosphorylation following increases in metabolic demand. Whereas a limiting role by PD...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000177472.67419.0a
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, Sarna et al. (Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25:237-244, 1993) reported increased mean life expectancy in former world class athletes. Because lifestyle is associated with longevity, we have examined whether health habits of former Finnish male athletes (N = 1274; present mean age: 57.5, range: 36-94 yr) differed f...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/00005768-199402000-00013
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:To evaluate effectively interventions to increase physical activity among older persons, reliable and valid measures of physical activity are required that can also detect the expected types of physical activity changes in this population. This paper describes a self-report physical activity questionnaire for o...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005768-200107000-00010
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Muscle fatigue has been studied with a variety approaches, tools and technologies. The foci of these studies have ranged tremendously, from molecules to the entire organism. Single cell and animal models have been used to gain mechanistic insight into the fatigue process. The theme of this review is the concept that t...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001052
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sprint-trained athletes demonstrate a remarkable ability to perform exercise which results in fatigue quickly. However, the mechanisms for these enhanced performance capabilities have not been fully elucidated. Elevation in glycolytic enzymes and increased fast-twitch fiber compositions which would result in an enhanc...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent research has demonstrated that intracellular signaling components associated with several proinflammatory cytokines have the potential to interact with signaling pathways that regulate anabolic processes in skeletal muscle. This presentation and the ensuing brief review are intended to present a selection of th...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b07d12
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Studies have demonstrated that a combination of mental and physical challenge can elicit exacerbated state anxiety, effort sense, and cortisol responses above that of a single stimulus. However, an analysis of the effects of aerobic fitness on the responses of cortisol to concurrent mental and physical stress b...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318270b381
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Overtraining is primarily related to sustained high load training, often coupled with other stressors. Studies in animal models have suggested that unremittingly heavy training (monotonous training) may increase the likelihood of developing overtraining syndrome. The purpose of this study was to extend our prel...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:This study investigated the effects of the menstrual cycle on prolonged exercise performance both in temperate (20°C, 45% relative humidity) and hot, humid (32°C, 60% relative humidity) conditions. METHODS:For each environmental condition, 12 recreationally active females were tested during the early follicula...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182656f13
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Highly trained endurance athletes train and race at relatively high intensities and are often confronted with challenges throughout a running event. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the anticipation of a proposed challenge on effort sense, heart rate (HR), ventilation ([dotVE), and ventil...
journal_title:Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00005768-199910000-00016
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00